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Questions and Answers
Which peak is correctly matched with its mountain range?
What is the significance of Namcha Barwa?
Which of the following is true regarding the eastern section of the Himalayas?
Nanda Devi is located in which district?
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What distinguishes the peaks in the western Himalayas compared to the eastern section?
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Which mountain range does Nokrek belong to?
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Which of the following statements about Nanda Devi is incorrect?
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Why is the Nanda Devi National Park significant?
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What is the regional name of Mount Everest in Nepal?
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Which range is primarily composed of volcanic rocks in the Lesser Himalayas?
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How high do the elevations of the Middle Himalayas generally reach?
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Which region in Nepal represents a continuation of the Mussoorie Range?
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What type of slopes are characteristic of the southern side of the Lower Himalayas?
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Which of the following ranges is located in Uttarakhand?
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Which valleys are associated with the Middle Himalayas?
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What is the total length of the Middle Himalayas?
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What geographical feature is Dehra Dun known for?
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How did the Shiwalik Hills form?
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What does the term 'duar' refer to?
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What geological process is responsible for the formation of the parallel ranges in the Himalayas?
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Which area is known as Purvanchal?
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What characteristic feature is observed in young fold mountains such as the Himalayas?
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Which river system do the rivers in Nagaland primarily belong to?
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What is the highest peak in the Naga Hills?
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Which supercontinent existed around 250 million years ago?
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Which hills serve as the separation between the Naga Hills and Manipur Hills?
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What characterizes the physiography of Manipur?
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What significant feature resulted from the northward movement of the Indian Plate?
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What is the Tethys Geo-syncline associated with?
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Which hills are a part of the Meghalaya plateau?
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Which of the following states does NOT include a section of the Western Himalayas?
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What separates the Meghalaya plateau from the Deccan Peninsula?
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What geological feature was formed as a result of the Indian Plate's subduction beneath the Eurasian Plate?
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What is the general elevation range of the Patkai Bum hills?
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Which process contributed to the filling of the Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain?
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Which hills are known as the Lushai Hills?
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How long is the Punjab Himalayas region?
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What elements were primarily deposited in the Tethys Sea during the breakup of Pangea?
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Which is the highest peak in Mizoram?
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What is the primary river system of the Punjab Himalayas?
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Study Notes
Formation of Himalayas
- The Himalayas were formed around 150 million years ago due to the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate.
- The Indian Plate, once part of Gondwanaland, moved northward.
- The collision caused the sediments deposited in the Tethys Sea to compress, leading to the formation of the Himalayas and the Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra trough.
- The Indian Plate’s subduction beneath the Eurasian Plate also led to the formation of features such as the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone and the Main Central Thrust.
Formation of the Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain
- The rise of the Himalayas and the subsequent formation of glaciers led to the formation of new rivers.
- These rivers deposited large amounts of alluvium, filling the depression and creating the Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain.
Lesser Himalayas (Middle Himalayas)
- The Lesser Himalayas lie between the Greater Himalayas in the north and the Siwaliks in the south, running parallel to both ranges.
- They have an elevation ranging from 3,500 to 4,500 meters above sea level.
- Many peaks within this range surpass 5,050 meters and remain snow-covered throughout the year.
- The Lesser Himalayas are more accessible for human interaction, with famous hill resorts like Shimla, Mussoorie, Ranikhet, Nainital, Almora, and Darjeeling located in this region.
- This region consists of famous valleys such as Kashmir, Kangra, Kullu, Katmandu, and Pokhara.
Important Ranges of the Lesser Himalayas
- The Pir Panjal Range, stretching from the Jhelum River to the upper Beas River, is the most significant range in the Lesser Himalayas.
- The Dhauladhar Range is located in Himachal Pradesh.
- The Mussoorie Range and the Nag Tibba Range are located in Uttarakhand.
- The Mahabharat Lekh is situated in Nepal.
- The Dafla, Miri, Abor, and Mishmi hills are found in Arunachal Pradesh.
Formation of Duns (Duars/Dooars)
- The Shiwalik Hills were formed by the accumulation and deposition of conglomerates brought down by rivers.
- These conglomerates obstructed and changed the river courses, forming temporary lakes.
- Over time, the lakes gathered more conglomerates and filled in, leaving behind plains known as duns or doons in the west and duars in the east.
Duars
- The duars are located at the foothills of the eastern Himalayas in Northeast India around Bhutan.
- They are like passes in the Eastern Himalayas near Bhutan.
- The Western duars are located in northern West Bengal and are a portion of the Terai.
Purvanchal (Eastern Hills)
- The Purvanchal is a series of relatively low hills, southward extensions of the Himalayas that run along the northeastern edge of India.
- They exhibit a convex shape to the west and extend from Arunachal Pradesh in the north to Mizoram in the south.
- Most rivers in Nagaland are tributaries of the Brahmaputra River.
- Rivers in Mizoram and Manipur are tributaries of the Barak River, which is itself a tributary of the Meghna River.
- The rivers in the eastern part of Manipur are tributaries of the Chindwin, which is a tributary of the Irrawaddy in Myanmar.
- Manipur has a unique physiography due to the presence of Loktak Lake in the center, surrounded by mountains.
- Meghalaya Plateau, technically a part of the Deccan Peninsula, was separated from the peninsular rock base by the Garo-Rajmahal gap.
- The region has the Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, and Mikir (Rengma) hills.
Regional Hills of the Purvanchal
- The regional hills in the Purvanchal are separated by numerous small rivers.
- The hills are inhabited by numerous tribal groups practicing Jhum cultivation.
Patkai Bum and Naga Hills
- The Patkai Bum hills, composed of sandstone, have elevations ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 meters.
- These hills merge into the Naga Hills, where Saramati (3,826 m) is the highest peak.
- The Patkai Bum and Naga Hills form the watershed between India and Myanmar.
Manipur Hills
- The Manipur hills are located south of the Naga Hills, with elevations generally below 2,500 meters.
- The Barail Range separates the Naga Hills and Manipur Hills.
Mizo (Lushai) Hills
- The Mizo Hills, with elevations of less than 1,500 meters, are located south of the Manipur Hills.
- The highest point is Blue Mountain (2,157 m) in the south.
Highest Peaks in Northeastern States
- Arunachal Pradesh: Kangto
- Nagaland: Saramati (3,841 m)
- Manipur: Mt. Tempu (Esii/ISO)
- Mizoram: Blue Mountain (2,157 m)
- Tripura: Betling Sib (Betlingchip)
Regional Division of Himalayas
- The Western Himalayas include the Himalayan region from the Indus in the west to the Kali River in the east.
- The region is distributed across three states: Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.
Punjab Himalayas
- The Punjab Himalayas include the region between the Indus and Sutlej rivers.
- Predominantly located in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, it is known as the Kashmir and Himachal Himalayas.
- Major ranges in this section include the Karakoram, Ladakh, Pir Panjal, Zaskar, and Dhauladhar.
Eastern Section vs. Western Section of the Himalayas
- The eastern section of the Himalayas rises abruptly from the plains of Bengal and Oudh, attaining great elevations within a short distance.
- The western Himalayas rise gradually from the plains through a series of ranges.
Important Peaks and their Location
- Namcha Barwa is located at the easternmost edge of the Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh.
- Nanda Devi, the second-highest peak in India, is located in the Kumaon Himalayas within Uttarakhand.
- The Nokrek Peak is situated in the Tura Range of Meghalaya Plateau.
- The Garhwal Himalayas and Kumaon Himalayas are both located in Uttarakhand.
Specific Information
- Dehra Dun, the largest dun, has an approximate length of 35-45 km and a width of 22-25 km.
- Mount Everest is known as Sagarmatha in Nepal and Qomolangma in China (Tibet).
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Description
Explore the geological formation of the Himalayas, which arose from the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate approximately 150 million years ago. This quiz also covers the subsequent creation of the Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain through sediment deposition from new rivers formed due to glacial activity. Test your knowledge on these significant geological processes.
