Questions and Answers
المعيار الشكلي لتعريف الدستور
هو مجموعة القواعد الأساسية المنظمة للدولة و التي صدرت في شكل وثيقة و لا يمكن تعديلها إلا باجراءات غير اجراءات تعديل القوانين العادية
ما الذي يميز السلطة الدستورية التأسيسية الأصلية عن السلطة التشريعية؟
كيف يتم تعديل القواعد الدستورية وفقًا للمعيار الشكلي؟
ما هو الهدف من حركة تدوين الدساتير التي بدأت في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية؟
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ما هو المعيار الذي يعتمد في تعريف القانون الدستوري؟
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ما الذي يمنع السلطة التشريعية العادية من تعديل القواعد الدستورية؟
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ما هو التعريف المناسب للقانون الدستوري وفقًا للمعيار اللغوي؟
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ما هي الانتقادات التي توجه لتعريف القانون الدستوري المعتمد على المعيار اللغوي؟
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كيف يختلف مفهوم القانون الدستوري عند الفقهاء الإنجليز عن المعيار اللغوي؟
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ما هي المجالات التي لا تنتمي إلى نطاق القانون الدستوري حسب الانتقادات الموجهة؟
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ما السبب وراء اعتبار تعريف القانون الدستوري واسعًا؟
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ما هو المعيار اللغوي لتعريف القانون الدستوري
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ما الانتقادات التي وجّهت للمعيار اللغوي في تعريف القانون الدستوري ؟
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في أي عام نشأ القانون الدستوري في فرنسا؟
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ما الهدف الرئيسي من إنشاء قانون الدستور؟
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ما هو التعريف المناسب للقانون الدستوري حسب النظام البرلماني الحر؟
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كيف يؤثر التعريف التاريخي للقانون الدستوري على الأنظمة المختلفة؟
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ما هو الانتقاد الرئيس الموجه للتعريف بالمعيار التاريخي للقانون الدستوري؟
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ماهي الانتقادات التي تم توجيهها إلى المعيار التاريخيّ في تعريف القانون الدستوري ؟
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ما هو التاريخ الذي بدأت فيه حركة تدوين الدساتير في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية؟
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ما هو الأثر الأساسي لانتشار حركة تدوين الدساتير على تعريف القانون الدستوري؟
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إلى أي دولة انتقلت حركة تدوين الدساتير بعد الولايات المتحدة؟
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في أي قرن انتشرت حركة تدوين الدساتير إلى العديد من الدول؟
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ما الذي لا يمكن تصوره في البلاد التي ليس لديها دساتير مكتوبة؟
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ما هو تعريف القانون الدستوري حسب المعيار الشكلي
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على ماذا يقوم أساس المعيار الشكلي في تعريفه للقانون الدستوري ؟
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طبقا للمعيار الشكلي لتعريف القانون الدستوري ، ماهو نطاق دراسة القانون الدستوري ؟
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ما هو العنصر الرئيسي الذي يعتمد عليه المعيار الشكلي في تعريف القانون الدستوري؟
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القانون الدستوري يمكن تعديله بواسطة المشرع العادي بنفس الطريقة التي تتبع لتعديل القوانين العادية.
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متى بدأت حركة تدوين الدساتير؟
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القواعد الدستورية تعتبر ___ من الوثيقة الدستورية.
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طابق بين أنواع السلطات والوظيفة الخاصة بها:
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شروط تعديل الدستور تختلف عن شروط تعديل القوانين العادية، وذلك وفقًا:
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وفقًا للمعيار الشكلي، يمكن أن تحتوي الوثيقة الدستورية على قواعد لا تعتبر دستورية.
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ما الذي يميز السلطة التأسيسية الأصلية عن السلطة التشريعية؟
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تعتبر الوثيقة الدستورية هي ___ القانون الدستوري حسب المعيار الشكلي.
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ما هي إحدى مزايا المعيار الشكلي في القانون الدستوري؟
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بماذا يكرس المعيار الشكلي فكرة جمود الدستور؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية تعتبر عيبًا للمعيار الشكلي؟
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كيف يحدد المعيار الشكلي العلاقة بين الدستور والقوانين العادية؟
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من الذي يقوم بوضع الوثيقة الدستورية وفقًا للمعيار الشكلي؟
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ما هي مزايا المعيار الشكلي في تعريف القانون الدستوري ؟
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كيف يؤثر الأخذ بالمعيار الشكلي على وجود الدساتير العرفية؟
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ما هو الخطأ المرتبط بتحديد موضوعات القانون الدستوري حسب المعيار الشكلي؟
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ما هي القواعد القانونية التي غالباً ما تكون مرفوضة من قبل المعيار الشكلي؟
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كيف يؤثر المعيار الشكلي على تعريف القانون الدستوري من دولة لأخرى؟
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ما الذي قد يؤثر سلباً على وحدة تعريف القانون الدستوري؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية يعتبر أحد عيوب المعيار الشكلي؟
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ما هي إحدى النتائج المحتملة للأخذ بالمعيار الشكلي؟
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أي من العناصر التالية يمكن اعتبارها مستبعدة من تعريف القانون الدستوري وفقاً للمعيار الشكلي؟
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ما عيوب المعيار الشكلي في تعريف القانون الدستوري ؟
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ما هي العناصر التي ينظر إليها المعيار الموضوعي في تعريف القانون الدستوري؟
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أي من التعريفات التالية يعد تعريفًا صحيحًا للقانون الدستوري استنادًا إلى المعيار الموضوعي؟
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كيف يسهم المعيار الموضوعي في تعريف القانون الدستوري؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية يمثل أحد خصائص المعيار الموضوعي في تعريف القانون الدستوري؟
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أي من العناصر التالية تعد مرتبطة بولادة القانون الدستوري وفقاً للمعيار الموضوعي؟
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ما هي الطبيعة الأساسية للدستور حسب المعيار الموضوعي؟
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ما هو تأثير المعيار الموضوعي على وجود القانون الدستوري في الدول؟
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ما الميزة التي يتمتع بها القانون الدستوري عند استخدام المعيار الموضوعي؟
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ماذا يعني استبعاد القواعد غير الدستورية حسب المعيار الموضوعي؟
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ما الدور الذي تلعبه الوثيقة الدستورية في تعريف القانون الدستوري؟
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بماذا يتميز تعريف القانون الدستوري استنادا للمعيار الموضوعي؟
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ما هو تعريف القانون الدستوري حسب المعيار الموضوعي ؟
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ما هو تعريف الدستور حسب المعيار الموضوعي لتعريف القانون الدستوري ؟
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لماذا يجمع الفقه على الأخذ بتعريف المعيار الموضوعي لتعريف القانون الدستوري ؟
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ما هو الاساس الذي يعتمد عليه المعيار الموضوعي في تعريفه للقانون الدستوري ؟
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ما هو الاتجاه الذي يؤيد أن نظرية الدولة تدخل ضمن موضوعات القانون الدستوري؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية تعتبر مضادة لمفهوم الاتجاه الرافض لطبيعة نظرية الدولة؟
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ما هي وجهة نظر الاتجاه الرافض بشأن الاتجاهات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية؟
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أي من الآتي يُعتبر من أبرز مؤيدي الاتجاه المؤيد حول نظرية الدولة؟
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لماذا يعتبر بعض الفقهاء أن نظرية الدولة ليست موضوعًا ضمن القانون الدستوري؟
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ما الذي يرفضه الاتجاه الرافض في سياق تنظيم سلطات الدولة؟
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كيف يرى مؤيدي المعيار الموضوعي القواعد المتعلقة بتنظيم السلطة الحاكمة؟
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ما هي القاعدة التي يؤيدها الاتجاه المؤيد بالنسبة لوظيفة ودور القانون الدستوري؟
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ما هي النتيجة التي يتفق عليها معظم الفقهاء حول العلاقة بين الدولة والدستور؟
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ما هي الموضوعات التي اختلف عليها الفقهاء في كونها دستورية من حيث الطبيعه ؟
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ما هو الاتجاه المؤيد ان موضوع " نظرية الدولة " دستوري بطبيعته ؟
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ما هو الاتجاه المعارض ان موضوع " نظرية الدولة " دستوري بطبيعته ؟
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ما وجهة نظر الاتجاه الرافض ان موضوع " الاتجاهات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية التي يستند اليها نظام الحكم" ليست دستورية في طبيعتها ؟
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ما وجهة نظر الاتجاه المؤيد الذي اعتبر موضوع " الاتجاهات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية التي يستند اليها نظام الحكم " مواضيع دستورية في طبيعتها ؟
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كيف يميز الفقهاء بين الطبيعة الدستورية لنظرية الدولة؟
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ما هو الاتجاه الذي يرفض اعتبار الاتجاهات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية ذات طبيعة دستورية؟
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أي من الفقهاء يعتبر أن نظرية الدولة تتعلق بالسلطة العامة؟
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ما الذي يراه الاتجاه الرافض بشأن القواعد التي تحدد الاتجاهات السياسية في الدولة؟
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ما الحجة التي يعتمدها الاتجاه المؤيد لنظرية الدولة كموضوع دستوري؟
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ما هي النتيجة الأساسية للاختلاف حول الطبيعة الدستورية لبعض الموضوعات؟
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ما هي المظاهر التي يتفق عليها أنصار المعيار الموضوعي؟
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ما هي مناقشة الفقهاء حول دراسة الدولة؟
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كيف يستند نظام الحكم إلى العلوم الاجتماعية؟
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ما هي فائدة اعتراف أنصار المعيار الموضوعي بالقواعد الدستورية؟
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ما الذي يحدد الإطار القانوني لدستور الدولة حسب الاتجاه المؤيد؟
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أي من الآراء التالية يعتبر القانون الدستوري تعبيرًا عن السلطة؟
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ما الهدف الرئيسي للقانون الدستوري حسب الرأي الثالث؟
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ما الموقف الذي يعتنقه الاتجاه التقليدي حول العلاقة بين القانون الدستوري والحرية؟
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ما الانتقاد الموجه للرأي الذي يعتبر القانون الدستوري تعبيرًا عن السلطة؟
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ما الذي يعبر عنه الفقيه أندريه هوريو بشأن القانون الدستوري؟
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ما الذي ينقص الحرية إذا لم تكن موجهة بقوانين؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية تعتبر من خصائص القانون الدستوري حسب الرأي الذي يعبر عن الحرية؟
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أي من الآراء التالية يشير إلى أن القانون الدستوري موجود في كل الدول، بغض النظر عن نظام الحكم؟
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ما هي أهمية تنظيم الحرية ضمن إطار القانون الدستوري؟
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ما هي النتيجة المحتملة لفشل القانون الدستوري في تنظيم السلطة والحرية؟
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أي من الخيارات تمثل الرأي الذي يشير إلى أن السلطة يجب أن تكون في خدمة الأفراد؟
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ما هي العلاقة بين عدد من المواقف السياسية والفكر الدستوري طوال القرن الثامن عشر؟
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ما الذي يخلقه القانون الدستوري كأداة توفيق؟
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تحدث عن الرأي الذي يرى ان وظيفة القانون الدستوري هو قانون حرية و المآخذ عليه
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ما المأخذ على موضوع المؤيد لدور الدستور في القانون الدستوري انه نظام حرية بدل نظام سلطه ؟
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ما المأخذ على المؤيد لدور القانون الدستوري انه نظام سلطة ؟
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تحدث عن الرأي الذي يرى ان القانون الدستوري تعبير عن السلطة و المأخذ عليه
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Study Notes
Formal Criteria in Constitutional Law Definition
- The movement of codifying constitutions began in 1787 with the earliest written constitution in the U.S.
- This trend spread to France and various countries during the 19th and 20th centuries, significantly shaping the definition of constitutional law.
- The formal criterion for defining constitutional law applies predominantly in countries with written constitutions.
- Constitutional law consists of fundamental rules governing the state, documented in a constitutional text from the relevant authority.
- The constitution cannot be created or amended through standard legislative processes, highlighting its distinct nature.
Constitutional Authority
- The authority that establishes the constitution is known as the original constitutional founding authority, contrasting with the ordinary legislative authority that creates regular laws.
- Differences exist between the constitutional authority and legislative authority in terms of structure and procedural processes.
- Constitutional rules cannot be modified by normal legislation; they require a specific method for amendment, indicating a higher status for constitutional law.
Amendment Procedures
- If a constitution is formed through a process distinct from ordinary law-making, its amendment falls under the jurisdiction of a different authority.
- When legislative authority is permitted to amend a constitution, it must follow unique procedures not applicable to regular law amendments.
Linguistic Criterion in Defining Constitutional Law
- Constitutional law is defined as "a set of legal rules that govern the foundations of the state and determine its composition."
- This definition encompasses a wide range of elements concerning the existence of the state and its components.
- Criticism arises due to the broad scope of this definition which includes administrative systems, judicial matters, and citizenship issues.
- It is argued that such topics should ideally be addressed in independent curricula, rather than being included under constitutional law.
- The organization and system of governance should also have a separate framework of study.
Influence of English Legal Scholars
- English legal scholars, influenced by the linguistic criterion, define constitutional law to include all rules that directly or indirectly affect the distribution or exercise of sovereign power within the state.
Historical Standard for Defining Constitutional Law
- Constitutional law emerged in France in 1830 alongside the establishment of the parliamentary system.
- The primary aim of constitutional law is to explain the constitutional document associated with the system, promoting its principles and gaining public support.
- Based on this parliamentary framework, constitutional law is defined as "a set of legal rules that determine public authorities and individual rights under a free parliamentary system."
- Historically, constitutional law is linked to a free parliamentary system that guarantees individual rights and freedoms, maintaining this definition throughout the 19th century.
- The historical definition faced criticism for limiting constitutional law to provisions found within constitutional documents; not everything in these documents is inherently constitutional.
- Certain constitutional matters may be addressed in ordinary laws based on established customs, which are not reflected in constitutional documents.
- This historical definition primarily supports democratic parliamentary systems and does not apply universally to all governance structures differing from parliamentary systems.
Historical Context of Constitutional Writing
- The movement for constitutional codification began in 1787 in the United States, which has the oldest written constitution.
- The practice of drafting written constitutions spread from the United States to France and other countries throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
Impact on Constitutional Law
- The spread of constitutional writing greatly influenced the emergence of formal criteria for defining constitutional law.
- Reliance on written constitutions as a standard measure for defining constitutionalism primarily applies to countries that possess codified constitutions.
Formal Criterion in Defining Constitutional Law
- The formal criterion for constitutional law emerged from the widespread movement of codifying constitutions, starting in 1787 in the USA, which had the oldest written constitution.
- This movement influenced France and subsequently various countries throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
- The formal criterion emphasizes the form or external appearance of legal rules, the authority that issued them, and the modification procedures.
- Under this criterion, constitutional law is defined as a "set of fundamental rules organizing the state, issued in the form of a constitutional document by the competent authority."
- It can also be described as "a collection of rules contained in the document called the constitution, which can only be enacted or amended following specific procedures distinct from those for regular laws."
Key Characteristics of Constitutional Law
- The fundamental basis of this criterion lies in the "original constituent authority" that drafts the constitution, differentiating it from the legislative authority that enacts ordinary laws.
- Constitutional rules cannot be altered by ordinary legislators through regular laws; a special method is required for their amendment.
- If a constitution has a different formation process than that of ordinary laws, amending it is not within the jurisdiction of ordinary legislative power but rather under a distinct authority.
- Should an amendment fall under the legislative body’s competence, it must adhere to a different method and procedures than amending regular laws.
Scope and Nature of Constitutional Law
- According to the formal criterion, constitutional law is equivalent to the constitution itself, referred to as "the law of the constitution," limiting its scope to this document and its normative texts.
- Anything outside the constitutional document is not regarded as part of constitutional law.
- All rules contained within the constitutional document are considered constitutional rules, while those that fall outside are not classified as such.
- The study of constitutional law, from the formal perspective, focuses on the interpretation and explanation of the texts recorded in the official constitutional document.
Advantages of the Formal Standard
- Simplicity and clarity in definition, as it restricts constitutional law to the constitutional document itself.
- Developed by the "original constituent authority" which is responsible for drafting the constitution.
- Follows more complex procedures for amendment compared to ordinary laws, ensuring careful consideration.
- Reinforces the rigidity of the constitution, positioning it as superior to ordinary laws.
- Ordinary laws must comply with constitutional laws, promoting legal coherence and stability.
Disadvantages of the Formal Standard
- Rigidity may hinder responsiveness to social and political changes.
- Complex amendment processes can result in difficulty updating the constitution to reflect current needs.
- Can lead to legal inconsistencies if ordinary laws conflict with the constitution in practice.
Disadvantages of Formal Criteria in Defining Constitutional Law
- The formal criterion denies the existence of a constitution or constitutional system in countries with unwritten constitutions, such as the UK, which is governed by customary constitutional rules.
- This criterion incorrectly narrows the scope of constitutional law to the texts and provisions within the constitutional document, excluding essential rules arising from constitutional customs or ordinary laws, such as political party regulations or electoral laws in various countries.
- Many legal provisions in the constitution are not constitutional in nature, including those relating to criminal, financial, and administrative matters, as well as general political, economic, and social objectives outlined by the constitutional legislator.
- Adopting the formal criterion leads to varying definitions of constitutional law across different countries and eras, as constitutional documents and their provisions reflect the differing political ideas and philosophies adopted by states over time, potentially undermining the unity and clarity needed for a definition.
Objective Criterion in Defining Constitutional Law
- The objective criterion focuses on the essence of legal rules rather than their format or the procedures of drafting the constitutional document.
- This criterion considers constitutional issues regardless of whether they are included in the constitutional document, encompassing constitutional customs and basic laws.
- Constitutional scholars widely agree on adopting the objective definition of constitutional law.
Functions and Scope of Constitutional Law
- Establishes organization and exercise of political power associated with the state's governance system.
- Determines the nature of state structure, whether it is unitary or composite.
- Defines the nature of the governance system, distinguishing between parliamentary and presidential systems.
- Outlines the configuration, competencies, and interrelations of public authorities.
- Safeguards individual rights and freedoms.
Definition of Constitutional Law
- Constitutional law is defined as the set of legal rules that determine the structure of the state, governance system, organization of public authorities, interrelations among authorities, and the rights and freedoms of individuals.
- The constitution serves as the overarching framework of the state's governance system, specifying public authorities and protecting individuals' rights and freedoms.
Characteristics of the Objective Criterion Definition
- Precision and generality: it does not link constitutional law to a specific state's document, whether codified or customary, and is not limited to unique circumstances.
- Ensures every state, without exception, has constitutional law, as all governments set rules to organize their political authority regardless of its type.
- Excludes non-constitutional rules from constitutional law study, even if stated within the constitutional document.
Differences Among Scholars Regarding Constitutional Nature
- Many constitutional law scholars adopt an objective criterion for defining constitutional law but differ on the constitutional nature of certain subjects.
Theory of the State
- Debate exists on whether the theory of the state is a constitutional subject.
- Supporters argue that the theory of the state possesses a constitutional nature, including prominent scholars like Julien Alferrier and many Arab jurists.
- They assert that constitutional law is a branch of domestic public law, highlighting the state's role as the holder of public authority.
- Opponents reject the constitutional classification of the theory of the state, arguing it pertains to general law rather than specifically to constitutional law.
- This perspective views the state's existence as a prerequisite for the constitution, suggesting that the constitution is a result of the state's existence rather than its foundation.
Political, Economic, and Social Trends in Governance
- Agreement exists among supporters of the objective criterion that rules regarding the organization of state authority are constitutionally relevant.
- However, there is a dispute over the constitutional nature of rules that define the political, economic, and social directions guided by the constitution.
Opponents Perspective
- They argue that the political, economic, and social trends upheld by the governance system do not qualify as constitutional law subjects.
- These trends are seen as principles that lack immediate binding force and do not relate directly to the organization of state authorities, focusing solely on socially framing the state.
Supporters Perspective
- Supporters consider these trends as constitutional texts falling within constitutional law.
- They emphasize that constitutional law encompasses not only the organization of public authorities but also the ideological framework of the constitution, whether social, political, or economic.
- These ideologies guide the state and provide a legal framework for interpreting constitutional provisions, asserting that public authorities must adhere to them. Any deviation may constitute a violation of the constitution.
Constitutional Law and Its Nature
- Most constitutional law scholars adopt an objective criterion for defining constitutional law, but there are disagreements about the constitutional nature of certain subjects.
- Key areas of debate include the nature of the state, political, economic, and social orientations underpinning the government, and the role of constitutional law.
The Nature of the State
- Constitutional scholars are divided on whether the theory of the state is a constitutional subject.
- Proponents argue that the state theory is constitutional by nature, as it exists within public law which includes the state's authority.
- Notable supporters include French scholar Julien Alferrier and many Arab jurists.
- Opponents contend that the state theory is not specific to constitutional law; instead, it relates to public law in general, claiming that the state's existence predicates the constitution.
Political, Economic, and Social Orientations
- There is consensus that rules organizing governmental authority are constitutional, yet disagreement exists on the constitutional nature of rules defining the government's political, economic, and social orientations.
- Opponents argue that these orientations are merely guidelines lacking immediate legal obligation, not integral to organizing governmental authority.
- Supporters view these orientations as constitutional texts that define the ideology of the constitution and guide public policy, asserting that deviation from them constitutes a constitutional violation.
The Role of Constitutional Law
- Scholars debate whether constitutional law focuses solely on governmental authority, individual freedom, or a balance of both.
- Traditional constitutional law scholars link the law to freedom, asserting that a constitution must safeguard individual rights and liberties, influenced by 18th-century Enlightenment thoughts.
- Reference to historical documents, such as the U.S. Constitution (1787) and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789), emphasizes the connection between democracy and constitutionalism.
- Critics argue that unregulated freedom leads to chaos, necessitating an authoritative structure.
- Others claim constitutional law's primary function is to establish and regulate power structures, applicable in both democratic and authoritarian regimes, emphasizing that every state should have a constitution.
- Critics of this view highlight potential neglect of citizens' rights and historical context that influences the transition from absolute to limited governance.
- A third perspective, led by French scholar André Hauriou, posits that constitutional law should reconcile authority and freedom, ensuring power serves public interest while also safeguarding individual liberties.
- This balanced view rejects the notion that constitutional law should serve only to regulate authority or individual freedoms, emphasizing the need for limits on both to prevent chaos or tyranny.
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تعريف القانون ونشأته و صلته بفروع القانون الأخرى ، مصادره، أساليب نشأة الدساتير ، أنواعها، مبدء سمو الدستور و نهاية الدساتير
