Forensic Science Unit I Overview

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of voice spectrography in forensic analysis?

To examine alterations in documents

To analyze the human voice structure (correct)

To identify handwriting characteristics

To compare different types of inks

When examining documents, what does 'obliteration' refer to?

The process of adding information

The reproduction of documents

The act of erasing original content (correct)

The classification of handwriting styles

Which factor is NOT typically analyzed when determining the age of skeletal remains?

Development of dental features

Size and robustness of bones

Fusion of growth plates

Length of hair present (correct)

What is the significance of forensic entomology in determining time of death?

It examines the stages of insect development on remains Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is essential when comparing handwritten texts for forgery detection?

Standard samples for comparison Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Chain of Custody in forensic science?

To track the handling of evidence from collection to presentation in court Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microscopy techniques is specifically used for analyzing polarized light?

Polarizing Microscopy Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to identify the species of origin of biological stains?

DNA Profiling Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'criminal profiling' primarily focus on?

Identifying the psychological traits of the perpetrator Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary method for detecting gunshot residues?

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Signup and view all the answers

Which property of fingerprints makes them unique to individuals?

The presence of ridge patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of analyzing the structure of hair in forensic investigations?

It assists in determining the origin of the sample Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of chromatography in forensic science?

To separate and analyze complex mixtures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of ballistic analysis in forensic science?

Chemical Ballistics Signup and view all the answers

Which act provides legal protection for wildlife in India?

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically found in gunshot residues analysis?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

In what context is the term 'improvised explosive device' (IED) primarily used?

For homemade bombs used with malicious intent Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evidence is used specifically for determining paternity or maternity disputes?

DNA profiling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key step in the forensic examination of firearms?

Analyzing the bullet's composition Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit I - Forensic Science

Forensic Science: Definition, History, Development, Scope, Ethics
Physical Evidence: Nature, Types, Search methods, Collection, Preservation, Packing and forwarding of physical and trace evidence for forensic analysis, Chain of Custody
Crime Scene: Nature, Types, Preservation
Criminal Investigations: Unnatural deaths, Criminal assaults, Sexual offences, Poisoning, Vehicular accidents
Courts: Types, powers, jurisdiction, Admissibility of evidence, Definition of experts, Provisions in Cr.P.C. 1973, Indian Evidence Act, Expert testimony, Court Procedures
Organization of Forensic Science Laboratories: Centre and State, NCRB and NICFS
Fundamental Rights: Right of Equality (Articles 14-18), Right of Freedom (Articles 19-22), role in crime investigation
Criminal Profiling: Profile of victim and culprit, Lie detection (Polygraphy), Narco analysis, Brain mapping, scope and limitations
Quality Control Management in Forensic Institutions

Unit II - Microscopy and Spectrophotometry

Microscopy: Polarizing, comparison, stereoscopic, fluorescent, and electron microscopes
Spectrophotometry: UV, Visible, IR, Raman, Atomic absorption, Emission
Neutron Activation Analysis
X-rays and x-ray based techniques (XRD, XRF)
Mass Spectroscopy
Chromatographic Techniques: TLC, GLC, HPLC, HPTLC
Hyphenated Techniques: GC-MS, LC-MS, IR-MS, ICP-MS
Electrophoresis: High and low voltage, immunoelectrophoresis
Immunoassays: Principle, Types, Techniques, applications

Unit III - Detection and Identification of Blood Stains

Detection and Identification of Blood Stains
Determination of Species of Origin
Blood Group Systems
Techniques for Determining Blood groups of blood stains
Detection of Seminal and other body fluids and their blood grouping
Red cells, Enzymes, Serum Proteins, Forensic significance
Disputed Paternity & Maternity
DNA: Structure, DNA as genetic marker, DNA extraction, Profiling Techniques
DNA Phenotyping and RNA profiling
Wild life Forensics (Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972), Scope, Evidences and Identification

Unit IV - Analysis of Substances

Analysis of Ethyl alcohol in beverages, liquors, biological fluids and breath
Analysis of Methanol and Denaturants
Illicit Liquors
Analysis of Chemicals in Trap cases
Metabolism and Chemical Examination of Insecticides, Pesticides, Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Hypnotics, Stimulants, Narcotics, Opiates, Drugs of Abuse, Analyses of above and their toxicity
Plant Poisons
Metallic Poisons
Extraction, Isolation, and Clean-up procedures for common poisons from viscera, tissues and body fluids

Unit V - Fire Arms and Ballistics

Fire arms: Types, Classification, Ammunition and their Compositions
Forensic examination of Firearms, Ammunition, Firearms' projectiles (Bullets, Shots, Slug etc.), Shell case
Gunshot residues analysis
Concept of Velocity, Penetration, Dispersion, Ricochet, Accidental Discharge
Examination of Country made firearms
Basics of Internal, External, and Terminal Ballistics
Tool marks: Meaning, Types and Examination
Restoration of Erased Markings on Metal Surfaces

Unit VI - Petroleum Products and Explosives

Fire and Arson: Analyses of Petroleum Products and other incendiary materials
Explosives: Definition, Types and Analyses

Unit VII - Hair, Fibers, Dust, Soil, Paint etc

Hair & Fibers: Nature, Types, Structure and Examination
Pollens and Diatoms: Their application in Forensic investigation
Dust & Soil: Nature, Types, Forensic Examination
Paint, Lacquer & Varnishes: Nature, composition, and forensic examination
Glass: Composition, Types, Fractures, Examinations
Cement, Mortar and Concrete: Composition, Forensic analysis
Computer Forensics: Introduction, Types of Computer crimes, Digital evidence seizure, Acquisition and Forensic examination
Mobile Phone Forensics

Unit VIII - Fingerprints and Biometrics

Fingerprints: History, Characteristics, Types, Classification, Preservation, Development, Lifting and Comparison, Examination
Chance Prints, Computerization of Fingerprints, AFIS
Track Marks: Foot Prints, Shoe Prints, Tire Marks, Preservation and Casting, Comparison, Skid marks, Gait pattern
Biometric Systems of Identification and its significance
Voice Analysis: Introduction, Significance, Structure of Human Voice apparatus, Voice spectrography, Voice analysis, Legal aspects and limitations

Unit IX - Documents

Documents: Definition, Types, Preliminary examination of documents
Reproduction of documents through photographic and mechanical means and their examination
Examination of Alterations (Erasures, Obliterations, Additions)
Indentations, Secret writings, Charred documents
Inks, Papers and their scientific examinations
Age of documents
Examination of Typescripts, Printed matter (currency notes, lottery tickets)
Hand writings: Class and Individual characteristics, Factors affecting handwritings, Standard samples for comparison, Comparison of hand-written texts
Anonymous and disguised writings, Identification of hand writings, signatures, detection of forged signatures
Examination of Credit Cards and Similar materials

Unit X - Deaths, Injuries and Forensic Applications

Modes & Manner of deaths, Sexual offences and their medicolegal importance, Amendments in law
Post-mortem examination and Post-mortem changes
Estimation of time since death
Injuries & Wounds: Types, Medicolegal importance, Gunshot wounds
Determination of Species of Origin, Sex, Age, Stature, Individual identification
Identification through Skull superimposition and facial reconstruction
Human dentition, Type of teeth, determination of Age, Bite marks
Forensic Entomology: Introduction, Insects, Insects on Carrion, Forensic applications
Bombs: Country made bombs, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), Explosion investigation, Forensic photography

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Dive into the foundational concepts of Forensic Science with this quiz, covering its definition, history, and ethical considerations. Explore key procedures related to physical evidence, crime scenes, and criminal investigations, as well as the roles of courts and forensic laboratories. This comprehensive overview is essential for understanding the critical aspects of forensic analysis and investigations.