Forensic Science and Lie Detection Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a computerized polygraph?

To determine whether someone is telling the truth during questioning.

What is the origin of the term 'ordeal' in the context of lie detection?

It is derived from the Medieval Latin 'Del indicum', meaning 'a miraculous decision.'

Describe the process of the red hot iron ordeal practiced in ancient Bengal.

The accused had to carry a bar of red-hot iron for nine paces; if unburned, they were innocent.

What was the significance of the ordeal of balance in ancient trials?

<p>It involved weighing the accused against a counterbalance to determine guilt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were rulers and justice courts historically known for in regards to lie detection?

<p>They used various techniques and rituals to catch liars and establish the truth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did trial by combat function as a method of resolution?

<p>It resolved issues by allowing the parties to settle disputes using human strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the practice of trial by torture during witch hunts?

<p>It was a brutal method used to extract confessions and determine guilt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were ancient written records important in the context of lie detection?

<p>They carried evidence about the complex rituals and ordeals used for divine justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of juries in a jury trial?

<p>Juries are responsible for making findings of fact and rendering a verdict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who decides questions of law during a jury trial?

<p>The judge decides questions of law, such as the admissibility of evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief surrounded the taking of the host during trials?

<p>It was believed that God would smite the guilty with sickness or death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the practice of trial by torture and its purpose.

<p>Trial by torture involved using coercive methods to extract confessions from accused witches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some methods of witchcraft punishment mentioned in the text?

<p>Burning at the stake, hanging, and beheading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general Christian view on witchcraft during the late 18th century?

<p>Witchcraft ceased to be considered a criminal offense among Christians across Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the cardiosphygmograph?

<p>To record changes in blood pressure and pulse rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some methods mentioned in the Ayur Veda for detecting deception?

<p>The Ayur Veda references methods related to health and science that may indirectly address deception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who researched the emotions related to fear and its effects on heart and respiration?

<p>Angelo Mosso.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ordeal of divination practiced in Burma?

<p>Two parties lit candles of equal size, and the one whose candle outlasted the other was deemed the winner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the polygraph in police science?

<p>The polygraph is significant as a lie detector used to record physiological responses during questioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List some physiological changes monitored by the polygraph.

<p>The polygraph records changes in respiration, galvanic skin response, and cardiovascular activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the decoction made from 'tangena' in Madagascar?

<p>The supposed criminal had to drink it, where a small dose could be fatal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Cesare Lombroso contribute to the field of criminology?

<p>He introduced the hydrosphygmograph for lie detection during interrogations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was guilt determined in Greece during trials?

<p>A suspended axe was spun, and whoever was in line with the blade was judged guilty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the first person to conceive the idea of lie detection?

<p>Cesare Lombroso.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Trial of the Waxen Shirt?

<p>The Trial of the Waxen Shirt was used to determine guilt or innocence based on whether the wax would melt when the accused walked barefoot over hot coals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the ordeal by rice chewing work?

<p>In the ordeal by rice chewing, the accused ate a special rice called sathee and spat on a pea leaf to determine guilt or innocence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the hereditary sieve method and its outcome.

<p>The hereditary sieve method involved throwing beans into a sieve and calling out a suspect's name; if the beans jumped out, the suspect was innocent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the basis of guilt in the ordeal of red water?

<p>In the ordeal of red water, the accused was innocent if they did not eject the rice after swallowing it; ejection indicated guilt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the procedure of the Sacred Ass/Donkey's Tail ordeal.

<p>The accused was made to fast, then pass through an enclosure while grasping a donkey's tail, and if the donkey brayed when touched, they were guilty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relief did the accused seek during the ordeal of the Corsnead/Blessed Bread?

<p>The accused sought relief by swallowing hallowed bread, which if successfully done, would free them from punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the ordeal of the tiger, what determined the innocence of an individual?

<p>In the ordeal of the tiger, if the tiger spared either the accused or accuser, that individual was considered innocent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common theme do these ordeals share?

<p>These ordeals often involved physical trials or rituals to prove innocence or guilt based on superstitious beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant modification did he make in 1926 related to Larson's instrument?

<p>He modified Larson's instrument to develop metal bellows and a kymograph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two components named by the creator of the stimulus marker in the polygraph method?

<p>The two components are known as pneumo 1 and pneumo 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Keeler introduce the psychogalvanometer to his polygraphic instrument?

<p>Keeler introduced the psychogalvanometer in 1938.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Harold Buritt's contribution to the understanding of deception in 1918?

<p>Buritt suggested that changes in respiration were indications of deception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with presenting the relevance-irrelevance technique in polygraph testing?

<p>Vittorio Benussi is credited with this technique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a modern polygraph typically include for recording physiological responses?

<p>A modern polygraph includes a computer outfit with sensors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Dr. Joseph F. Kurbis pioneer in the field of polygraphy?

<p>Dr. Kurbis was the first researcher to use potential computer applications for polygraph chart analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did blood pressure play in Harold Buritt's findings about deception detection?

<p>Buritt found that changes in blood pressure were more reliable indicators of deception than respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Computer Assisted Polygraph System (CAPS) developed by Raskin?

<p>To evaluate physiological data for diagnostic purposes using algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the galvanic skin response (GSR) reflect emotional changes?

<p>It measures changes in the skin's electrical resistance, which varies with emotional states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Luigi Galvani make to the concept of galvanic response?

<p>He developed the galvanic skin reflex, which measures electrical resistance in ohms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Dr. Dale E. Olsen and John Harris in the development of polygraph technology?

<p>They completed software called POLYSCORE for analyzing polygraph data and estimating truthfulness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first used the term 'polygraph' to describe an invention, and what was the invention?

<p>Thomas Jefferson first used the term to describe an early form of the writing machine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the innovations made by Sir James Mackenzie in the field of polygraphy.

<p>He constructed the clinical polygraph in 1892 and later refined it in 1906 to better record vascular pulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did George Sticker contribute to the understanding of the galvanic skin phenomenon?

<p>He applied psychogalvanometry to forensic problems and observed the influence of mental impressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the US Department of Energy contribute to the study of polygraphs in 2003?

<p>They commissioned a review by the National Academy of Sciences to study polygraph scientific evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lie Detection

The practice of determining whether a person is telling the truth during questioning. Also known as deception detection.

Computerized Polygraph

A procedure for verifying someone's truthfulness, based on the belief that God will miraculously protect the innocent.

Trial By Ordeal

Methods used in ancient times to determine guilt or innocence, often involving physical pain or supernatural elements.

Red Hot Iron Ordeal

A specific ordeal where the accused has to carry a red-hot iron bar for a certain distance. The absence of burns indicates innocence, while burns indicate guilt.

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Ordeal of Balance

An ordeal where the accused is placed on a scale with a counterweight. The position of the scale determines guilt or innocence.

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Trial By Combat

A method of resolving disputes through physical combat. Winner is considered in the right.

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Trial By Jury

A group of individuals who decide guilt or innocence based on evidence presented.

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Trial By Torture

The use of force or torture to extract confessions or obtain information. Often used during witch hunts.

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Trial of the Waxen Shirt

A trial by ordeal where the accused was tied and lowered into cold water. Innocence was determined by whether the accused was harmed by the water.

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Ordeal Of The Red Water

A trial by ordeal in which a person was made to swallow a small amount of rice after fasting for twelve hours. The accused was then placed in water which caused vomiting. If the accused vomited all the rice, they were considered innocent.

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Ordeal Of The Corsnead/ Ordeal Of The Blessed Bread

A trial by ordeal where a priest gave the accused blessed bread. If the accused could swallow the bread, they were considered innocent.

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Ordeal By Rice Chewing

A type of ordeal where the accused was made to chew a special kind of rice called sathee, in the belief that it could expose liars. The rice was prepared with chants and the accused had to eat the rice facing east. If the accused's saliva was mixed with blood, their mouth swelled or they trembled, they were considered guilty.

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Hereditary Sieve Method

A trial by ordeal where beans were thrown into a sieve as the name of the suspect was called. If the beans jumped out of the sieve, the person was considered innocent. If the beans remained in the sieve, the person was considered guilty.

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The Sacred Ass/Donkey's Tail Ordeal

This involved a donkey whose tail was covered in lampblack. All suspects of an offense had to pass through a tent or room where the donkey was located and touch its tail. The accused was then examined to see if they had touched the donkey's tail and if they had, they were considered guilty.

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Ordeal Of The Tiger

A trial by ordeal where a tiger was used to determine guilt or innocence. The accused and accuser were placed in a cage with a tiger. If the tiger spared one person, that person was considered innocent.

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Trial by Fire

A trial by ordeal where the accused walked barefoot over burning coals. If the wax protecting their feet melted and they were burnt, they were considered guilty. If the wax did not melt, they were considered innocent.

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Trial by Poison

A method of ordeal where the accused person is forced to drink a poisonous substance.

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Trial by Water

A method of ordeal where the accused person is immersed in water. If they float they are innocent, if they sink they are guilty.

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Test of Eucharist

A medieval method of determining guilt where the accused takes a consecrated host. Sickness or death indicates guilt, while survival indicates innocence.

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Ayurveda

An ancient Indian system of health and science that includes methods for detecting deception.

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Polygraph

An instrument for measuring and recording multiple physiological responses, often used in lie detection.

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Vittorio Benussi

The first known person to record multiple physiological responses during questioning, contributing to the development of the polygraph.

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Relevant-Irrelevant Technique

A technique used in polygraph examinations where the subject is asked questions relevant and irrelevant to the crime under investigation.

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Psychogalvanometer (PGR)

A component of the polygraph that measures changes in skin conductivity, often associated with emotional arousal.

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Respiration as Indicator of Deception

The changes in respiration, especially the inspiration-expiration ratio, can be an indicator of deception.

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Blood Pressure as a Stronger Indicator

Harold Burtt's research indicated that while respiration changes might occur during deception, blood pressure changes are a stronger indicator.

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Systolic Blood Pressure & Respiration

Dr. John C. Kircher and David C. Raskin emphasized incorporating systolic blood pressure with respiration recordings for a more comprehensive analysis.

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Computerized Polygraph Analysis

Dr. Joseph F. Kurbish pioneered the use of computers in polygraph analysis, opening new possibilities for interpretation and automation.

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What did Luigi Galvani discover in 1791?

Luigi Galvani, in 1791, was the first to discover the galvanic skin reflex (GSR), which measures changes in skin resistance to electricity. The GSR reflects emotional changes, and the lower current ever recorded indicates a stronger reaction.

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Who applied psychogalvanometer to forensics?

George Sticker, in 1908, showed that the galvanic skin phenomenon is influenced by mental impressions and not the will, and he was the first to apply psychogalvanometer to forensic problems.

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Who invented the first polygraph machine?

John Larson, in 1921, developed the first polygraph machine, a device that measures physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing, and it was used for lie detection.

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What is CAPS and who developed it?

The Computer Assisted Polygraph System (CAPS) developed by Dr. Raskin in 1992 incorporated an algorithm to analyze physiological data for diagnostic purposes. This marked the entry of polygraph into the computer age.

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What is POLYSCORE and who developed it?

Dr. Dale E. Olsen and John Harris developed the POLYSCORE software program in 2003, which used sophisticated mathematical algorithms to analyze polygraph data and estimate the probability of deception or truthfulness.

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Who invented the clinical polygraph in 1892?

Sir James Mackenzie, a renowned English clinician and cardiologist, developed the clinical polygraph in 1892, an instrument used for medical examinations to record vascular pulses. It could trace lines on a revolving drum of smoked paper using a stylus.

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What major improvement did Sir James Mackenzie introduce to his clinical polygraph in 1906?

In 1906, Sir James Mackenzie further refined his clinical polygraph by introducing the clinical ink polygraph. This improvement allowed for more precise recordings of physiological data using ink instead of smoked paper.

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Who first used the term "polygraph"?

Thomas Jefferson was the first known person to use the term "polygraph" to describe one of his inventions, demonstrating an awareness of multi-recording devices long before the invention of the modern polygraph.

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Study Notes

Forensic Science

  • Dr. Hans Gross is considered the "Father of Criminalistics"
  • He believed truth-seeking is foundational to criminal investigation.
  • Investigating is a battle against lies.
  • Polygraphy evolved from Greek roots: poly (many) and graphein (to write).
  • Polygraph instruments record physiological changes (blood pressure, pulse, respiration, skin resistance).
  • Two types of polygraph instruments exist: conventional/analog and computerized.

Lie Detection Techniques

  • Lie detection methods date back to ancient times.
  • Ancient rulers used rituals and ordeals to determine truth.
  • Trial by Combat: The accused and accuser fought, with the victor deemed innocent.
  • Trial by Ordeal: Painful tasks were performed to see if the accused was innocent. Examples include bearing hot iron, walking over hot coals, or being submerged in water.
    • Various techniques emerged, like the Red Hot Iron ordeal (North Bengal), where the accused walks over hot iron.
    • The Ordeal of Water, often symbolic of a flood, was used. Variants involved hot or cold water.
    • The Blessed Bread ordeal involved ingestion by the accused. If unharmed, they were deemed innocent.
  • Trial by torture existed.

Scientific Lie Detection Development

  • Angelo Mosso investigated emotion's effect on the body.
  • Cesare Lombroso used instruments (like the sphygmomanometer) for lie detection.
  • William Marston developed a systolic blood pressure test.
  • John Larson developed early instruments.
  • Important tools like the pneumograph (lung measurement) and galvanograph (measuring skin resistance or GSR) were crucial.
  • Earl Bryant developed the first practical polygraph.
  • Modern polygraphs are computerized.
  • Modern instruments analyze physiological changes and quantify findings.
  • The development of new instruments and methodologies led to more scientific and less painful (and hopefully less subjective) ways to assess deception.

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Forensic 5 PDF

Description

Explore the intriguing world of forensic science and lie detection methods, from the foundational concepts established by Dr. Hans Gross to ancient practices like Trial by Combat and Ordeal. Learn how polygraphy has evolved and the underlying physiological principles involved in detecting deception. This quiz covers the evolution of truth-seeking techniques through history.

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