Neurolaw: Eyewitness Testimony and Lie Detection
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Neurolaw: Eyewitness Testimony and Lie Detection

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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated range of wrongful convictions in the U.S. annually due to mistaken eyewitness testimony?

  • 5000 to 15,000
  • 10,000 to 20,000
  • 1000 to 5000
  • 2000 to 10,000 (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT an area of study in the field of neurolaw?

  • Use of neuroscientific evidence for legal defense
  • Use of nootropics or mind-enhancing drugs
  • Criminal profiling (correct)
  • Algorithms for predicting recidivism

    • What is the primary concern with eyewitness testimony, according to the text?

  • It is rarely used
  • It is often mistaken (correct)
  • It is often accurate
  • It is sometimes used

    • Which of the following is an area of study in neurolaw related to brain-based techniques?

    <p>Lie detection methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of using neuroscience-based interventions in neurolaw?

    <p>To diminish the risk of an offender reoffending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of having the low-activity form of the MAOA gene and experiencing childhood abuse?

    <p>Six times higher likelihood of being convicted of violent crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region has been found to be smaller in individuals with antisocial criminal tendencies?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of neuroscience-based interventions in the criminal justice system?

    <p>Developing treatments to reduce the risk of reoffending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)?

    <p>An 11% reduction in volume of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) respond to facial displays of others' distress?

    <p>They show reduced response to facial displays of others' distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of neurological mindreading in legal defense?

    <p>To establish whether the defendant's brain was capable of appreciating the criminality of their conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is associated with loss of fear conditioning and may contribute to aggressive behavior?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the study by Wang, Cherkassky, and Just (2017) in the context of neurological mindreading?

    <p>It identified the brain regions involved in forgiveness and spirituality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal implication of using neurological evidence in an insanity defense?

    <p>It can exempt the defendant from criminal responsibility if they lacked substantial capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of accused felons who plead insanity in the United States?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of the cognitive interview technique used to improve eyewitness testimony?

    <p>Reinstating the physical and emotional context of the crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can reduce the number of innocent people incorrectly identified by eyewitnesses?

    <p>Warning witnesses that the perpetrator may not be present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of telling witnesses that the perpetrator may not be present in a lineup?

    <p>Reduced number of false identifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in implanting false memories in individuals?

    <p>Visualization of the event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a documented phenomenon in the context of recovered memories?

    <p>Forgetting of painful childhood memories with possible recall years later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why eyewitness testimony is considered unreliable?

    <p>Witnesses' attention is often stressed or distracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of positive feedback on eyewitness testimony?

    <p>It increases the confidence of the witness in their testimony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the phenomenon where people incorporate misleading information into their memory of an event?

    <p>The misinformation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study by Loftus and Palmer, what is the result of using the word 'smashed' instead of 'hit' when asking about a traffic accident?

    <p>People gave faster speed estimates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many of the 62 cases of wrongful conviction examined in the study were based on eyewitness testimony?

    <p>52</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary basis of the 'guilty knowledge test' in lie detection?

    <p>Comparing physiological responses to specific details of a crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the prefrontal region in deception?

    <p>It is linked to response inhibition and is active during deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of using fMRI brain imaging for lie detection?

    <p>It is very expensive and of questionable accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the Neurological Mind Reading project led by Marcel Just?

    <p>To learn to read people's minds based on fMRI cortical activation patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the EEG technique that detects brain wave patterns associated with emotional experiences?

    <p>Brain fingerprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption behind the use of polygraph lie detectors?

    <p>That lying is associated with emotional arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of polygraph lie detectors in detecting deception?

    <p>They are unable to distinguish between lying and other stressful situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated error rate of polygraph lie detectors in detecting deception?

    <p>1 in 3 innocent individuals are declared guilty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a child protest that a false event really happened, even when reminded that it did not occur?

    <p>The child's brain is still developing and may have difficulty distinguishing between reality and fantasy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the control question in a polygraph examination?

    <p>To establish a baseline for physiological responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the control question and the relevant question in a polygraph examination?

    <p>The control question is related to a neutral topic, and the relevant question is related to the incident in question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the results of a polygraph examination not be admissible in court?

    <p>The polygraph is not a reliable measure of deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the finding that preschoolers can produce false memories of events?

    <p>It indicates that children's brains are more susceptible to suggestion and fantasy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the fact that some people tend to be more prone to arousal when taking a polygraph examination?

    <p>They are more likely to be anxious in general</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with the use of polygraph lie detectors in legal proceedings?

    <p>They may lead to false convictions and false acquittals</p> Signup and view all the answers

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