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Questions and Answers
What is the typical incubation period for Acute Swine Fever (ASF)?
What is the typical incubation period for Acute Swine Fever (ASF)?
Which of the following are clinical signs associated with chronic disease of ASF?
Which of the following are clinical signs associated with chronic disease of ASF?
What is a recommended measure to prevent Leptospirosis in humans?
What is a recommended measure to prevent Leptospirosis in humans?
What common post mortem lesion is associated with ASF?
What common post mortem lesion is associated with ASF?
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Which of these diseases is clinically indistinguishable from Classical Swine Fever?
Which of these diseases is clinically indistinguishable from Classical Swine Fever?
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Which of the following methods contributes to ASF transmission indirectly?
Which of the following methods contributes to ASF transmission indirectly?
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What is the primary site for localization of Pseudorabies in pigs?
What is the primary site for localization of Pseudorabies in pigs?
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Which group of pigs demonstrates the highest mortality rate due to Pseudorabies?
Which group of pigs demonstrates the highest mortality rate due to Pseudorabies?
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What type of lesions are characteristic of Pseudorabies infection?
What type of lesions are characteristic of Pseudorabies infection?
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How is Pseudorabies primarily transmitted among pigs?
How is Pseudorabies primarily transmitted among pigs?
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Which clinical signs are observed in adult swine infected with Pseudorabies?
Which clinical signs are observed in adult swine infected with Pseudorabies?
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What is a notable clinical sign exhibited by neonates infected with Pseudorabies?
What is a notable clinical sign exhibited by neonates infected with Pseudorabies?
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What diagnostic tests are used for confirming Pseudorabies infection?
What diagnostic tests are used for confirming Pseudorabies infection?
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Which type of pigs typically recover within 7-10 days after infection with Pseudorabies?
Which type of pigs typically recover within 7-10 days after infection with Pseudorabies?
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Which of the following is a dead-end host for Pseudorabies?
Which of the following is a dead-end host for Pseudorabies?
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What type of deficiencies are noted in the pathogenesis of Pseudorabies affected pigs?
What type of deficiencies are noted in the pathogenesis of Pseudorabies affected pigs?
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What is a characteristic of African Swine Fever regarding its virulence?
What is a characteristic of African Swine Fever regarding its virulence?
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Which of the following is a clinical sign of Hog Cholera?
Which of the following is a clinical sign of Hog Cholera?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus belonging to the Flavivirus family?
Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus belonging to the Flavivirus family?
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What containment method is effective in controlling a viral outbreak in swine?
What containment method is effective in controlling a viral outbreak in swine?
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What is the primary virus responsible for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)?
What is the primary virus responsible for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)?
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Which animal is known to be resistant to Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
Which animal is known to be resistant to Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
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Which lesion is associated with Hog Cholera?
Which lesion is associated with Hog Cholera?
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What is the incubation period for Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
What is the incubation period for Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for African Swine Fever?
What is the primary mode of transmission for African Swine Fever?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
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Which type of viral disease can present with symptoms resembling Hog Cholera?
Which type of viral disease can present with symptoms resembling Hog Cholera?
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How long can a cattle carrier remain infectious with Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
How long can a cattle carrier remain infectious with Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
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What leads to the potential for swine diseases to become endemic in certain regions?
What leads to the potential for swine diseases to become endemic in certain regions?
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What is NOT a characteristic of Seneca virus A?
What is NOT a characteristic of Seneca virus A?
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What was the estimated economic cost of the last outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Canada?
What was the estimated economic cost of the last outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Canada?
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Which organ is primarily affected showing 'turkey egg kidneys' in cases of Hog Cholera?
Which organ is primarily affected showing 'turkey egg kidneys' in cases of Hog Cholera?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
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Which of the following vesicular diseases is an enterovirus?
Which of the following vesicular diseases is an enterovirus?
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What is the infectious dose excreted by an infectious pig daily?
What is the infectious dose excreted by an infectious pig daily?
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When was the last outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease reported in Canada?
When was the last outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease reported in Canada?
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What is the etiology of Pseudorabies?
What is the etiology of Pseudorabies?
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Which of the following is a major concern for the Canadian swine industry during a foreign animal disease outbreak?
Which of the following is a major concern for the Canadian swine industry during a foreign animal disease outbreak?
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What is a significant clinical sign associated with Pseudorabies in affected animals?
What is a significant clinical sign associated with Pseudorabies in affected animals?
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Which animal is NOT a dead-end host for Pseudorabies?
Which animal is NOT a dead-end host for Pseudorabies?
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How does the Pseudorabies virus persist in its hosts?
How does the Pseudorabies virus persist in its hosts?
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What type of vaccine is available for Pseudorabies?
What type of vaccine is available for Pseudorabies?
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What is a notable characteristic of Pseudorabies virus regarding environmental stability?
What is a notable characteristic of Pseudorabies virus regarding environmental stability?
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Which factor limits the spread of Pseudorabies in pig populations?
Which factor limits the spread of Pseudorabies in pig populations?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for the Pseudorabies virus among pigs?
What is the primary mode of transmission for the Pseudorabies virus among pigs?
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Study Notes
Foreign Animal Diseases
-
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease)
- Caused by suid herpesvirus 1 (suHV-1)
- Can persist in latent state, leading to carrier animals and subclinical infections
- Moderately resistant outside of the host, lasting up to 2 weeks
- Excreted in saliva, nasal secretions, urine and feces (for up to 2 weeks)
- Found in most countries except: Canada, Greenland, and Australia.
- Eradicated from commercial herds in the USA in 2004
-
Transmission
- Highly contagious, spreads through herd rapidly
- Mainly spread through respiratory route, oral & nasal
- pig-to-pig via oral and nasal secretions
- Also, transplacental, milk, vaginal mucosa, semen
- Possibly airborne
- Fomites
-
Pathogenesis
- Varies depending on the viral strain, age of pig, and viral load
- Replication in the upper respiratory tract epithelium
- Spreads to the lymph nodes then the CNS (spinal cord and brain)
- Forms intranuclear inclusion bodies
- Localizes in the tonsil, which is the primary site
- Causes inflammation and necrosis of tissue, affecting the respiratory tract, bronchial tree, alveoli, endometritis, vaginitis, and necrotic placentitis
-
Clinical Signs
- Neonates:
- Ill within 2-4 days after exposure
- High mortality (~100%) usually within 1-3 days
- Listless, anorexic, and pyrexia
- Neurological signs: depression, tremors, convulsions, incoordination, dog-sitting posture, coma and death
- Weaned pigs:
- Similar signs to neonates, but mortality is usually much lower
- Grow-Finish pigs:
- Primarily respiratory signs: coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge
- Loss of body condition
- Pyrexia, anorexia, depression
- +/- CNS signs: tremors, convulsions
- High morbidity and low mortality
- Adult swine:
- Pyrexia, anorexia
- Respiratory signs: sneezing and coughing and laboured breathing
- Most recover
- Abortions, returns, stillbirths, weak pigs
- Neonates:
-
Other Species
- Dead-end hosts: all livestock mammals, and cats, dogs, raccoons, skunks
- Infected animals die within 1 to 2 days before shedding virus (always fatal)
- Intense pruritis (mad itch)
- Neurological signs (rabies-like)
-
Diagnosis and Control
- History: including death of cats and dogs, high mortality in neonates, abortions, neurologic signs
- Many tests: FA, IHC, PCR, HISTOLOGY
- Eradication in the U.S.(2004)
- DIVA Vaccine (gene-deleted)
- Vaccine highly efficacious
- No treatment
- Inform CFIA of suspected cases – REPORTABLE!!
-
Vesicular Diseases
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Picornaviridae, Aphthovirus)
- Swine Vesicular Disease (Picornaviridae, Enterovirus)
- Seneca Virus A Cases in USA, and identified in Ontario sourced pigs
- Vesicular Stomatitis (Rhabdoviridae, Vesiculovirus)
- Vesicular Exanthema: San Miguel sea lion viruses (Calicivirus)
-
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
- Many strains; differ antigenically, limited cross protection
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets and nose-to-nose contact
- Affects most ruminants and pigs (cloven-hooved animals)
- Horses resistant
- Last outbreak in Canada: Saskatchewan 1951-1952
- Delayed confirmation (3 months)
- 25 farms affected
- Cost ~6.6 Billion in today's dollars
- Pigs:
- Lower infectious dose for oral route of exposure relative to ruminants
- Relatively resistant to airborne infection
- Carrier stage:
- Cattle – up to 3.5 years
- Small ruminants up to 9 months
- Pigs = 28 days
- Incubation: 2-14 days
-
FMD Clinical Signs
- Acute lameness - often first sign noticed
- Pyrexia – slobbering, salivating and chomping
- Small, blanched foci in skin vesicles on lips and tongue, teats, and udder
- High morbidity, mortality ~5% but higher in younger piglets
-
What would happen if an outbreak occurred?
- Humane destruction of all infected and exposed animals
- Tracing to identify locations of potentially infected or exposed animals
- Quarantine – and restricted movements
- Zoning to define infected and disease-free areas
-
Seneca Virus A (Seneca valley virus)
- Looks like Foot and Mouth Disease
- Vesicles on snout
-
Systemic Viral Diseases
- Hog Cholera (classical swine fever)
- Flaviviridae, Pestivirus
- African Swine Fever – African swine fever virus
- Japanese B encephalitis - Flavivirus
- Blue eye disease - Paramyxoviridae, (Rubulavirus)
- Teschen and Talfan - Enterovirus
- Hog Cholera (classical swine fever)
-
Hog Cholera (CSF)
- Strains vary in virulence
- Eradicated from USA in 1970’s
- Clinical Signs (varies with virulence of virus):
- Lethargic, depressed, appear chilled
- High fever, conjunctivitis, +/- constipation
- Severe watery diarrhea, vomiting
- Gaunt, weak, posterior paresis, cyanosis
- Sudden outbreak of high mortality
- Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, cyanotic extremities
-
Hog Cholera - Lesions
- Button ulcers in cecum
- Enlarged spleen with infarction of the spleen (“turkey egg kidneys”)
- Petechia (hemorrhages) in kidney and lymph nodes
-
African Swine Fever
- Asfarviridae
- Enveloped DNA virus
- Transmitted by arthropod vectors
- Highly contagious viral disease of swine
- Isolates vary in virulence, with high virulence resulting in up to 100% mortality
- Highly resistant to disinfection
- Affects domestic and wild pigs, with wild pigs potentially being asymptomatic carriers
- No treatment or vaccine in NA!
- FDA announced a vaccine in Viet Nam, Oct 1, 2021
-
ASF Transmission
- Direct contact: usually oronasal secretions
- Indirect: uncooked garbage, fomites, infected tick bite, biting insects
- Found in all tissues and body fluids
- Incubation: 5 to 19 days
-
ASF Clinical Signs
- Acute disease:
- Incubation 5-19 days, but can be < 5 days after exposure to tick
- Pyrexia, anorexia, erythema, cyanosis
- Recumbency
- Bloody diarrhea
- Abortion
- Sudden death
- Chronic disease:
- Multi-focal erythema (Ears, abdomen, Raised or necrotic areas)
- Low fever
- Painless joint swelling
- Emaciation
- Death
- Acute disease:
-
Post-mortem Lesions
- Highly variable lesions
- Most common lesions are hemorrhagic:
- Spleen (Enlarged, friable, Dark red, black)
- Lymph nodes
- Kidneys
- Heart
-
ASF Differential Diagnosis
- Classical swine fever – clinically indistinguishable
- Acute PRRS
- Porcine Dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome
- Erysipelas
- Salmonellosis
- Actinobacillosis
- Glasser’s disease
- Pseudorabies
- Warfarin poisoning, heavy metal toxicosis, thrombocytopenia, generalized septicemic or hemorrhagic conditions
-
Zoonotic Diseases
- Many POTENTIAL pathogens
- Most agents in North America:
- Not present or rarely cause problems
- However, may be of importance to young children and those with compromised immune systems
-
Leptospira pomona
- Transmitted by urine and infected water
- Bacterial contact with mucus membranes, skin, eyes
- Leptospirosis in humans: Splenomegaly, hepatitis, nephritis
- Recommendations:
- Vaccinate sows against Lepto
- Use gloves when assisting with dystocia.
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Description
This quiz covers the critical aspects of Pseudorabies, also known as Aujeszky's Disease, including its causative agent, transmission methods, and pathogenesis. Understand how this disease affects swine and its implications for livestock management. Test your knowledge on the history and current status of this disease in various countries.
