18 Questions
What type of movements cause upliftment and subsidence of continents?
Vertical movements
Which type of forces act on the Earth's crust from side to side causing disruptions in the horizontal layer of strata?
Horizontal (Orogenic) movements
What results from faulting due to forces of tension?
Formation of Rift Valleys and Block Mountains
Which landform is typically formed by volcanic activities that are not explosive in nature?
Plateaus
What is responsible for the formation of some mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes Mountains?
Forces of compression
What type of movements result in large structural deformation of the Earth's crust?
Horizontal (Orogenic) movements
What type of fault is formed when blocks of rock on one or both sides of a fracture move?
Reverse fault
Which plate boundary is responsible for the formation of the Himalayas mountain range?
Convergent plate boundary
What type of fault results from tensional forces that pull the crust apart?
Normal fault
What type of movement results in the formation of horsts and grabens?
Diastrophic movement
Which type of stress leads to the crumpling up of the crust, causing uplift and mountain building?
Compressional stress
In which type of plate boundary does subduction of oceanic lithosphere contribute to building mountain ranges?
Convergent plate boundary
Where are most of the active volcanoes found in the world?
Circum-Pacific Belt (The Pacific Ring of Fire)
What is the main characteristic of earthquakes?
Sudden ground movement caused by energy release in rocks
Which type of waves do the most damage during an earthquake?
Surface waves
Where do most earthquakes occur?
At plate tectonic boundaries
What geographic regions are most likely to experience earthquakes?
The Pacific Ocean basin and Mediterranean-Asiatic belt
Where are active volcanoes less likely to occur?
Interior parts of continents
Study Notes
Continental Movements
- Continental upliftment and subsidence can occur due to vertical movements
- Horizontal movements can cause disruptions to the horizontal layer of strata, leading to large structural deformation of the earth's crust
Orogenic Movements
- Caused by horizontal forces that act on the earth's crust from side to side
- Bring about disruptions to the horizontal layer of strata, leading to large structural deformation of the earth's crust
- Form mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas and Andes Mountains, through forces of compression
Forces of Tension
- Work horizontally, but in opposite directions
- Cause rock stratum to break or fracture, resulting in the formation of cracks and fractures in the crust
- Lead to faulting, which is the displacement of rock upward or downward from their original position along a fracture
- Form rift valleys and block mountains
Faulting
- Occurs when rock stratum breaks or fractures
- Causes fault lines, which are lines along which displacement of the fractured rock strata takes place
- Forms rift valleys, such as the African Rift Valley, and block mountains
Volcanoes
- Openings in the earth's crust through which gases, molten rocks, ash, steam, etc. are emitted outward during an eruption
- Can form different landforms, such as a plateau or a mountain, depending on the nature of the volcano
- Found in areas of intense folding and faulting, such as the Circum-Pacific Belt and the Mid-World Mountain Belt
Earthquakes
- Sudden ground movements caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks
- Happen when there are sudden motions along faults
- Caused by the energy released when rocks break or move suddenly
- Energy is transmitted by seismic waves, which can cause damage
Test your knowledge on the different forces that impact the Earth's crust, including vertical upliftment and subsidence as well as horizontal (orogenic) movements caused by side to side forces. Learn about the structural deformations in the Earth's crust that lead to the formation of mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Andes.
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