Foot & Hand Anatomy and Conditions
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Questions and Answers

How many bones are typically found in each toe?

  • Four
  • Three (correct)
  • Two
  • Five

What is the upper part of the foot commonly called?

  • Heel
  • Instep (correct)
  • Arch
  • Sole

Which bones connect with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle?

  • Phalanges
  • Metatarsals
  • Tarsals (correct)
  • Sesamoids

What is onychoschizia characterized by?

<p>Nails splitting into layers from the edge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many metatarsal bones are in one foot?

<p>Five (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a tarsal bone?

<p>Calcaneus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of 'uñas amarillas' (yellow nails)?

<p>Use of enamels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes onicocriptosis?

<p>Nail grows inside the tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is onicolisis?

<p>Partial nail detachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hiperqueratosis?

<p>Inadequate footwear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue are ligaments?

<p>Fibrous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges are in the thumb?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are part of the wrist?

<p>Carpals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The metacarpal bones make up what part of the hand?

<p>The middle part of the hand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the anatomical name for the ring finger?

<p>Anular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nail is located beneath the free edge, acting as a waterproof seal?

<p>Hyponychium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the skin that overlays the nail plate?

<p>Eponychium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by white spots on the nails, often from minor injuries?

<p>Leuconychia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the habit of nail-biting?

<p>Onychophagy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of paronychia?

<p>Nail infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average growth rate of nails?

<p>0.1 mm per day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is the main component of nails?

<p>Keratin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how long does it take for fingernails to regrow completely?

<p>4-6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the thickest layer of the nail?

<p>Intermediate layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the cells of the superficial layer of the nail originate?

<p>Nail matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the chromatic circle?

<p>A tool for understanding color relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'tone' of a color?

<p>The color itself. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'saturation' refer to?

<p>The purity of a color relative to gray. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ancient Babylon, which color(s) were used on nails by men of high class?

<p>Black and Green (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primary colors are mixed to create green?

<p>Yellow and Blue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which colors are considered primary colors?

<p>Yellow, Blue, Red (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which decade were artificial acrylics first used by nail technicians?

<p>1950s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance was commonly used to color nails around the year 1900?

<p>Henna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primary colors are mixed to create the secondary color green?

<p>Yellow and Blue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brand was created to cater to the image of actors?

<p>POZO (ORLY) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Onychoschizia

Nails split into layers from the edge.

Padastro

Inflammation and potential ingrown nail caused by cutting the cuticle too much.

Uñas azules

Nail condition with a blue discoloration, often related to heart problems or poor blood quality.

Onicomicosis

Infection produced by fungi in the nail.

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Hiperqueratosis

Hardness and thickening of the surface skin, often a callus, caused by inadequate footwear.

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Phalanges (Foot)

Bones in the toes; each toe has three (distal, medial, proximal), except the big toe, which has two.

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Metatarsals

Five bones forming the mid-foot, connecting tarsals to phalanges.

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Tarsals

Seven bones forming the ankle and heel, connecting the foot to the lower leg.

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Astragalus

Also known as the Talus, it articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint.

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Calcaneus

The heel bone; the largest tarsal bone.

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Ligaments of the Hand

Fibrous tissues that provide stability in the hand by connecting bones.

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Phalanges

Bones forming the fingers; each finger has three (distal, medial, proximal) except the thumb, which has two.

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Metacarpal Bones

Five bones located in the middle part of the hand, connecting the carpals to the phalanges.

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Carpal Bones

Eight bones forming the wrist, connecting the hand to the radius and ulna of the forearm.

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List the carpal bones

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, and scaphoid. These form the wrist.

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What is a nail?

A protective structure made of hardened, dead cells containing keratin.

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Average nail growth rate

Approximately 0.1 mm per day, or 3 mm per month.

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Complete Nail Regrowth Time

4-6 months for fingernails, 7-8 months for toenails.

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Three layers of the nail

Superficial, Intermediate, and Deep.

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Superficial nail layer composition

Cells lose their nucleus and accumulate fibrous protein (keratin).

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Hyponychium

Tissue beneath the free edge of the nail, forming a waterproof seal protecting the nail bed.

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Chromatic Circle

A visual representation organizing colors and their relationships.

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Hue (Tone)

The actual color (e.g., red, blue, green).

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Eponychium

The skin layer covering the area where the nail emerges, designed to shield the nail matrix.

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Saturation

The purity of a color; how much gray is present.

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Paronychia

Inflammation of the skin around the nails, potentially leading to redness, pain, and pus formation.

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Leukonychia

White spots on the nails, usually caused by mild injuries.

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Primary Colors

Colors that cannot be created by mixing other colors (Red, yellow, blue, black, white).

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Onychogryphosis

Excessive and abnormal nail growth, mainly found in the matrix.

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Secondary Colors

Colors made by mixing two primary colors (Orange, Green, Purple, Gray).

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Nail Art

A creative way to decorate and embellish nails.

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Babylonian Nail Color

In ancient Babylon, high-class men used black and green colors on their nails.

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Ancient Egyptian Nails

In 600 B.C. Egypt, women used henna to color their nails, with punishments for lower classes.

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Study Notes

Nail Art History

  • Nail art began as a creative way to decorate, paint, and embellish nails.
  • In ancient Babylon, men dyed their nails, correlating nail color with social status.
  • Around 5000 BC in Egypt, women used henna to color hands and feet.
  • Women of high social class utilized red tones; lower classes used paler colors.
  • Queen Nefertiti used ruby red and gold shades for her nails, representing royalty.

Nail Polish Evolution

  • In the 1920s, long nails adorned with bright nail polish gained popularity.
  • Cutex launched the first colored nail polish inspired by car paint.
  • Revlon, by brothers Charles and Joseph Revson, entered the market with nail polish for cars in 1932.
  • The French manicure was developed by Jeff Pink to simplify actors' nail changes during filming.
  • Jeff Pink later founded ORLY.

Acrylic Nails & Beyond

  • Acrylic nails were discovered accidentally in the 1950s by dentist Frederick Slack.
  • Slack created an artificial nail to cover a broken one using dental chemicals.
  • In the 1970s, Dr. Stuart Nordstrom invented the acrylic nail system, using a liquid monomer and powder.

Color Wheel Basics

  • The color wheel illustrates how colors relate to one another.
  • Understanding the color wheel aids in making effective and meaningful color palettes.

Qualities of Color

  • Hue is the color itself and can be warm or cool.
  • Saturation relates to the purity of color in relation to gray.
  • Brightness defines the intensity of a color's luminosity and its proximity to white or black.

Primary & Secondary Colors

  • Primary colors cannot be created by mixing other colors (yellow, blue, red, white & black)
  • Secondary Colors: Yellow + Red = Orange, Yellow + Blue = Green, Blue + Red = Purple, White + Black = Grey

Tertiary Colors

  • Tertiary colors combine primary colors and secondary colors in equal measure.

The Nail

  • Made of dead cells containing keratin, it's a protective structure produced naturally by the body.
  • Its growth rate varies among individuals and fingers, averaging 0.1mm daily.
  • Fingernails take 4-6 months to fully regrow, toenails 7-8 months.
  • The growth depends on factors like age, season, exercise, and heredity.
  • Nails consist of three layers, contrary to common belief, and possess very little calcium.

Nail Layers

  • Surface Layer: Formed by devitalized cells from the nail matrix, losing nuclei and accumulating fibrous protein like keratin.
  • Intermediate Layer: The thickest layer, composed of very tightly bound, live cells.
  • Deep Layer: Composed of two cell layers from the nail bed's epidermis.

Nail Anatomy Terms

  • Hyponychium: Impermeable tissue beneath free edge that protects nail bed from bacteria and infection.
  • Eponychium: Provides impermeable seal that protects the matrix.
  • Perionychium: The area surrounding the nail that protects cuticle growth
  • Cuticle: Supports the nail plate.
  • Nail Plate: Part of the nail consisting of cells from the nail matrix, protecting the tissue under the nail plate.
  • Free Edge: The nail extending past the fingertip and can be seen
  • Matrix: The part containing living nail cells that are generated

Nail Diseases

  • Onychoschizia: Brittle nails with layers that separate at the border
  • Yellow Nails: Caused by tobacco, nail polish/removers, and heart issues.
  • Onychocryptosis: An ingrown nail that swells due to incorrectly cut nails.
  • Onycholysis: Separation of the nail due to trauma or internal diseases.
  • Onychomadesis: Nail shedding from Matrix failing
  • Onychomycosis: Fungal infection.
  • Onychia: Inflammation of the matrix.
  • Wrinkled Nail: Occurs from blows/trauma to the base.
  • Hypertrophy/Onycogryphosis: Excess internal cuticle growth through the hair.
  • Pterygium: Cuticle growth excesses.
  • Nail Biting: Caused by anxiety, nervousness, or stress.
  • Onychatrophia: Nail loses color and shine, caused by fungus.
  • Onychorexis: Splitting or broken nails due to internal damage.
  • Allergy: Occurs when the skin is sensitive to a cosmetic or pharmaceutical remedy
  • Leuconichia: White spots, inflammation and pain.

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Description

Test your knowledge of foot and hand anatomy, including bones, nails and common conditions. Questions cover structure, medical terminology, and related disorders such as onychoschizia, onicolisis and hiperqueratosis.

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