Food Technology: Materials and Forming of Metal Packaging

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Questions and Answers

Match the following materials with their advantages:

PET = Improves appearance OPP = Has high barrier properties Aluminum Foil = Produces a very good barrier to oils, gases, moisture, odors and light CPP = Has mechanical strength

Match the following packaging types with their characteristics:

Laminated Films = Has improved barrier properties or mechanical strength Coextruded Films = Has three main advantages over laminates Plastic Containers = Reusable and can be made in different shapes and sizes Sleeves = Tough, stretchable and permeable to air, smoke and moisture

Match the following materials with their uses:

Polyethylene = Used for packaging meats before smoking and cooking Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) = Used for lamination of films Cast Polypropylene (CPP) = Used for coextruded films Paper = Used for lamination of films

Match the following characteristics with the type of plastic container:

Reusable and can be used many times within several years = Collapsible Plastic Crates Easily cleaned, washed, and disinfected = Rigid Plastic Containers Can be made in different shapes, weights, and sizes = Flexible Plastic Containers Made by thermoforming and molding systems of plastic sheets = Perforated Plastic Containers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following advantages with the type of film:

Has very high barrier properties = Coextruded Films Has improved appearance = Laminated Films Tough, stretchable and permeable to air, smoke and moisture = Sleeves Produced at a lower cost = Coextruded Films Signup and view all the answers

Match the following materials with their thickness:

Laminated Films = Thinner than coextruded films Coextruded Films = Thicker than laminated films Aluminum Foil = Has a thin coating Polyethylene = Various thicknesses in flexible or rigid plastic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following benefits with the type of container:

Easily transported flat when empty = Returnable Collapsible Folding Crates Can be stacked unfolded = Returnable Bins Reusable and can be used many times within several years = Reusable Plastic Containers Easily cleaned, washed, and disinfected = Flexible Plastic Containers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the type of film:

Layers do not separate = Coextruded Films Has a very good barrier to oils, gases, moisture, odors and light = Aluminum Foil Improves appearance = Laminated Films Tough, stretchable and permeable to air, smoke and moisture = Sleeves Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of can with its manufacturing process:

3-piece welded cans = 3PC 2-piece drawn and redrawn cans = DRD 2-piece drawn and ironed cans = D&I Aluminum cans = ECCS Signup and view all the answers

Match the metal packaging material with its characteristics:

Aluminum = Alloys of less than 90% aluminum with other metals Tin-coated steel = Produced from tinplate or electrolytic chromium coated steel Electrolytic chromium coated steel = Consists of alloys of less than 90% aluminum Steel cans = Coated with an organic polymer Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of can coating with its properties:

Epoxy-based coatings = Flexible and easily applied Oleoresins = Exhibits stability and has protection function Vinyl = Synthesized from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin Epoxy-phenolic coatings = May change the organoleptic properties of food Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of can coating with its components:

Epoxy-based coatings = Vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate Oleoresins = Oil and resin extracted from plants Vinyl = Bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin Epoxy-phenolic coatings = Blends of epoxy, phenolic, amino, acrylate, and anhydride Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of can coating with its limitations:

Epoxy-based coatings = Do not adhere well to metal surfaces Oleoresins = Limited corrosion resistance and need long curing times Vinyl = Has limited corrosion resistance Epoxy-phenolic coatings = May change the organoleptic properties of food Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of can coating with its manufacturing process:

Epoxy-based coatings = Synthesized from vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate Oleoresins = Synthesized from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin Vinyl = Extracted from plants Epoxy-phenolic coatings = Formed from blends of epoxy, phenolic, amino, acrylate, and anhydride Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of can material with its coating:

Aluminum cans = Epoxy-based coatings Tin-coated steel = Oleoresins Electrolytic chromium coated steel = Vinyl Steel cans = Epoxy-phenolic coatings Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of can coating with its usage:

Epoxy-based coatings = For metal packaging Oleoresins = For aluminum and steel cans Vinyl = For food packaging Epoxy-phenolic coatings = For general-purpose packaging Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of packaging with its primary function:

Active Packaging = Protection, containment, and communication Smart Packaging = Performing the normal passive functions Intelligent Packaging = Having other active roles aside from normal functions Modified Atmosphere Packaging = Modifying the atmosphere in the package Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of indicators with their purpose:

External Indicators = Detecting internal changes in the package Internal Indicators = Monitoring external environmental factors Time-Temperature Integrators = Indicating the storage conditions Gas and Microbial Indicators = Showing the product's shelf-life Signup and view all the answers

Match the component of packaging with its function:

Antimicrobial System = Scavenging gases Antioxidant System = Carrying data Sensors = Modifying the atmosphere Data Carriers = Detecting microbial growth Signup and view all the answers

Match the purpose of packaging with its type:

Fresh produce preservation = Modified Atmosphere Packaging Product contamination prevention = Antimicrobial System Product shelf-life extension = Active Packaging Product quality monitoring = Smart Packaging Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of packaging with its characteristic:

Active Packaging = Flexible/polymeric films Modified Atmosphere Packaging = Respiration of packaged food Intelligent Packaging = Selective permeability of packaging material Smart Packaging = Added substances like antimicrobial, antioxidants Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of packaging with its primary application:

Active Packaging = Storing fresh fruits and vegetables Modified Atmosphere Packaging = Monitoring product quality Intelligent Packaging = Scavenging gases Smart Packaging = Preserving fresh produce Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of packaging with its effect:

Active Packaging = Modifying the atmosphere in the package Modified Atmosphere Packaging = Consuming oxygen and producing CO2 Intelligent Packaging = Monitoring storage conditions Smart Packaging = Extending product shelf-life Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of packaging with its component:

Active Packaging = Gas and Microbial Indicators Modified Atmosphere Packaging = RFID/Barcodes Intelligent Packaging = Sensors Smart Packaging = Antioxidant System Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plastic resin codes with their corresponding applications:

PET = Food wraps and cooking oil bottles HDPE = Water and soda bottles PVC = Milk jugs and juice bottles LDPE = Yogurt and syrup containers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following recycling symbols with their corresponding plastic types:

1 = HDPE 3 = LDPE 5 = PVC 6 = PS Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plastic types with their common uses:

PP = Bread bags and frozen food PS = Yogurt and ketchup containers LDPE = Styofoam and egg cartons PVC = Water and soda bottles Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their corresponding plastic resin codes:

Opaque plastic = HDPE Soft plastic = PVC Contains BPA = PET Used for food wraps = LDPE Signup and view all the answers

Match the following applications with their corresponding plastic resin codes:

Beer and salad dressing = PET Milk jugs and juice bottles = PVC Yogurt and syrup containers = PP Food wraps and bread bags = LDPE Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plastic resin codes with their corresponding characteristics:

1 = Used for styofoam 2 = Used for water and soda bottles 4 = Used for frozen food and bread bags 7 = Contains BPA Signup and view all the answers

Match the following advantages of Modified Atmosphere Packaging with their corresponding descriptions:

Longer Shelf-life = Preservation of product freshness Enhanced visual appeal = A higher level of quality assurance required Stays fresh longer = No chemical preservatives Long-lasting flavor = Sustained nutritional content Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of Smart Packaging with their corresponding functions:

Time-Temperature Integrators (TTI) = Monitoring temperature with upper or lower limits Gas indicators = Giving information about the quality of products before purchasing Thermochromic ink = Communicating with consumers about the history of products Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) = Tracking the status of the product throughout the chain Signup and view all the answers

Match the following benefits of Modified Atmosphere Packaging with their corresponding explanations:

No chemical preservatives = Preservation of product freshness Long-lasting flavor = Sustained nutritional content Longer Shelf-life = Stays fresh longer Enhanced visual appeal = A higher level of quality assurance required Signup and view all the answers

Match the following principles of Time-Temperature Integrators (TTI) with their corresponding descriptions:

Temperature-dependent enzymatic = Mechanical deformation translates into an indicator Chemical = Color development indicates the freshness parameter Microbiological = Decomposition translates into an indicator Physical = Mechanical deformation indicates the cumulative effect on freshness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following limitations of Modified Atmosphere Packaging with their corresponding explanations:

More expensive = Complicated to pack Less consumer base = A higher level of quality assurance required Complicated to pack = Longer Shelf-life A higher level of quality assurance required = Stays fresh longer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of Smart Packaging with their corresponding descriptions:

Time-temperature integrators or indicators (TTIs) = Monitoring the status of the product throughout the chain Gas indicators = Giving information about the quality of products before purchasing Thermochromic ink = Communicating with consumers about the history of products Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) = Tracking the status of the product throughout the chain Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of Modified Atmosphere Packaging with their corresponding benefits:

Longer Shelf-life = Sustained nutritional content Stays fresh longer = No chemical preservatives No chemical preservatives = Longer Shelf-life Long-lasting flavor = Enhanced visual appeal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions of Time-Temperature Integrators (TTI) with their corresponding descriptions:

Monitor temperature with upper or lower limits = Indicate the cumulative effect on freshness Integrate time and temperature = Monitor temperature with upper or lower limits Translate into an indicator = Indicate the cumulative effect on freshness Indicate the cumulative effect on freshness = Translate into an indicator Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Materials for Cans

Aluminum, Tin-Coated steel (tinplate), and Electrolytic chromium coated steel (ECCS) are used to make cans.

Forming of Can Bodies

3-piece welded cans (3PC), 2-piece drawn and redrawn (DRD) cans, and 2-piece drawn and ironed (D&I) cans are the three types of can bodies.

Composition of Metal Packaging

Metal packaging consists of alloys of less than 90% aluminum with other metals like copper, zinc, and manganese.
Steel cans are produced from tin-coated steel (tinplate) or electrolytic chromium coated steel.
Metal packaging is coated with an organic polymer to prevent direct contact between food and tin.

Types of Can Coatings

Epoxy-based coatings are introduced for aluminum and steel cans, exhibiting stability, protection function, and technical properties.
Oleoresins are the first coatings made, which are mixtures of oil and resin extracted from plants, but they have limited corrosion resistance and need long curing times.
Vinyl coatings are synthesized from vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, used for packaging meats before smoking and cooking.

Laminated Films

Lamination of two or more films improves the appearance, barrier properties, or mechanical strength of a package.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Oriented Polypropylene (OPP), Cast Polypropylene (CPP), Polyethylene (PE), Aluminum Foil, and Paper are the common materials used for lamination.

Coextruded Films

Coextruded films have three main advantages: high barrier properties, lower cost, and thinner layers that do not separate.
Coextruded films are produced by the simultaneous extrusion of two or more layers of different polymers.

Plastic Containers

Reusable and can be used many times within several years.
Can be made in different shapes, weights, and sizes with different thickness in flexible or rigid plastic.
Easily cleaned, washed, and disinfected using appropriate machinery.

Innovations in Food Packaging System

Smart/Active/Intelligent Packaging includes Scavenger System, External Indicators, Antimicrobial System, Internal Indicators, Antioxidant System, and Data Carriers.
Sensors are used to monitor the condition of food.

Active Packaging

Refers to packaging that has other active roles aside from performing normal passive functions.
New functions vary according to the nature of added substances, such as antimicrobial, antioxidants, humidity, absorbents, and gases scavengers.

Modified Atmosphere Packaging

The fresh produce are packed in a mixture of gases with varying composition, depending on the product, packaging material, expected shelf-life, and storage conditions.
The packaging materials used are flexible/polymeric films with specific permeability for gases.
The gases used for composing the initial atmosphere are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Modified Atmosphere Packaging

Advantages: longer shelf-life, enhanced visual appeal, stays fresh longer, no chemical preservatives, long-lasting flavor preservation, and sustained nutritional content.
Disadvantages: more expensive, less consumer base, complicated to pack, and a higher level of quality assurance required.

Smart Packaging

Another packaging system that carries out several intelligent functions capable of monitoring the status of the product and its keeping conditions throughout the chain.
Time-temperature integrators or indicators (TTIs), Gas indicators, Thermochromic ink, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) are used.

Recycling Symbols and Plastic Resin Codes

Different symbols and codes are used to identify the type of plastic used in packaging: PET (1), HDPE (2), PVC (3), LDPE (4), PP (5), PS (6), and Other (7).

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Description

This quiz covers the materials used for metal packaging, including aluminum, tin-coated steel, and electrolytic chromium coated steel, as well as the different methods of forming can bodies, such as 3-piece welded, 2-piece drawn and redrawn, and 2-piece drawn and ironed.