Food Chemistry Quiz

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Questions and Answers

In terms of energy, what is the relationship between kilocalories and kilojoules?

1 kcal = 4.2 kJ

What is the energy value of 1g of fat in kilojoules?

1g fat = 38 kJ

What are the recommended daily energy allowances for 16-year-old girls and boys, in kilojoules?

9600 kJ for girls, 12600 kJ for boys

(a) Define catabolism and explain its role in energy production at the cellular level.

Catabolism is the metabolic process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy. It plays a crucial role in energy production at the cellular level by providing the necessary energy for cellular activities, such as muscle contraction and active transport across cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of ATP production in the context of catabolism and its significance for cellular function.

ATP production occurs when a third phosphate group is attached to ADP using energy, forming ATP. This process is essential for cellular function as ATP serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes such as biosynthesis, muscle contraction, and active transport. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between monosaccharides and polysaccharides, providing examples of each and their respective functions in living organisms.

Monosaccharides are the simplest units of carbohydrates, such as glucose, and serve as a fundamental energy source for cellular activities. Polysaccharides, like starch and cellulose, are complex carbohydrates formed from multiple monosaccharide units and function as energy storage molecules and structural components in living organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the roles of lipase and phospholipids in biological systems, highlighting their significance in cellular processes.

Lipase is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of fats into fatty acids and glycerol, playing a crucial role in fat digestion and absorption. Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes, contributing to their structure and functioning as signaling molecules in cellular processes. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of fat-soluble vitamins in human nutrition and provide an example of a disorder related to a deficiency in such vitamins.

Fat-soluble vitamins are essential for various physiological functions, including vision, immune system regulation, and blood clotting. A deficiency in vitamin A, for example, can lead to night blindness, highlighting the importance of fat-soluble vitamins in maintaining overall health. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the chemical composition of amino acids and their role in living organisms, emphasizing their differences from monosaccharides.

Amino acids are organic compounds composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain. They serve as the building blocks of proteins and are crucial for various biological functions, including enzyme catalysis, cell signaling, and structural support, distinguishing them from monosaccharides in terms of their structural composition and biological roles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the structural and physiological functions of proteins in living organisms? Provide examples of each function.

Proteins have structural functions, forming tissues such as muscles and tendons. Physiological proteins control organism functions through enzymes, which catalyze chemical reactions, and hormones, which regulate various bodily processes. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of vitamins and minerals in human nutrition, and provide examples of deficiency diseases related to each.

Vitamins are required in small amounts for cell functioning, growth, and maintaining health. Deficiency diseases related to vitamins include scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) and rickets (vitamin D deficiency). Minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and iron, are essential for various bodily functions. Deficiency diseases related to minerals include osteoporosis (calcium deficiency) and anemia (iron deficiency). Signup and view all the answers

Describe the significance of water in living organisms, outlining its various roles in maintaining life.

Water is crucial for life, acting as a solvent for metabolic reactions, a transport medium for nutrients and waste products, a component of body fluids, and a medium for chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and digestion. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between macronutrients, micronutrients, and trace elements in the context of food composition.

Macronutrients are needed in larger quantities and include Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. Micronutrients are needed in smaller quantities and include Sodium, Magnesium, Chlorine, Potassium, and Calcium. Trace elements are needed in very small quantities and include Iron, Copper, and Zinc. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the various types of carbohydrates found in food and their roles in the human diet.

Carbohydrates consist of simple sugars with a general formula of (CH2O)n and are divided into Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides. They serve as sources of energy and dietary fiber. Storage Polysaccharides store excess sugars, while Structural Polysaccharides are used to build tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the composition and functions of lipids in the human body, as well as the methods used to test for lipids in food.

Lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acids, and come in the forms of fats and oils. They serve as a concentrated source of energy, are used for energy storage, and play a structural role in cell membranes. A test for lipids can be conducted by rubbing a substance onto brown paper and observing the results. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemical Composition of Food

Macronutrients, needed in larger quantities, include Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur.
Micronutrients, needed in smaller quantities, include Sodium, Magnesium, Chlorine, Potassium, and Calcium.
Trace Elements, needed in very small quantities, include Iron, Copper, and Zinc.
Biomolecules in food include Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Vitamins.
Carbohydrates consist of simple sugars with a general formula of (CH2O)n.
Carbohydrates are divided into Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides, which are sources of energy and dietary fiber.
Storage Polysaccharides store excess sugars, while Structural Polysaccharides are used to build tissues.
Practical activities for testing starch and reducing sugar involve iodine and Benedict's solution, respectively.
Lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acids, and come in the forms of fats and oils.
Lipids serve as a concentrated source of energy, are used for energy storage, and play a structural role in cell membranes.
A test for lipids can be conducted by rubbing a substance onto brown paper and observing the results.
Lipids also play roles in organ protection, heat insulation, and providing a rounded shape in women.

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