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Questions and Answers
What is the term used for all the chemical reactions in the body?
What is the term used for all the chemical reactions in the body?
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
- Homeostasis
- Metabolism (correct)
Which process involves the assembly of substances?
Which process involves the assembly of substances?
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Anabolism (correct)
- Catabolism
What is the approximate daily energy requirement for a sedentary individual?
What is the approximate daily energy requirement for a sedentary individual?
- 2000 kcal (correct)
- 3000 kcal
- 2500 kcal
- 1500 kcal
How many kilojoules are equivalent to one kilocalorie?
How many kilojoules are equivalent to one kilocalorie?
During which metabolic process are substances broken down?
During which metabolic process are substances broken down?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered when determining energy requirements?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered when determining energy requirements?
What is the energy content of food typically expressed in?
What is the energy content of food typically expressed in?
Which type of metabolism is associated with energy expenditure?
Which type of metabolism is associated with energy expenditure?
What are the main categories of nutrients found in food?
What are the main categories of nutrients found in food?
Which nutrient provides the highest percentage of dry matter in an average diet?
Which nutrient provides the highest percentage of dry matter in an average diet?
What is the definition of essential nutrients?
What is the definition of essential nutrients?
How much of the average diet is composed of fat, according to the given data?
How much of the average diet is composed of fat, according to the given data?
What is the combined percentage of carbohydrates and proteins in an average diet?
What is the combined percentage of carbohydrates and proteins in an average diet?
What defines the process of metabolism in the body?
What defines the process of metabolism in the body?
What is a distinguishing feature of nerve cells compared to other body cells?
What is a distinguishing feature of nerve cells compared to other body cells?
Which of the following best describes kilocalories?
Which of the following best describes kilocalories?
What role does nutrition play in cellular function?
What role does nutrition play in cellular function?
How often are red blood cells renewed in the body?
How often are red blood cells renewed in the body?
What is catabolism?
What is catabolism?
Which statement about tissue renewal is correct?
Which statement about tissue renewal is correct?
What does anabolism refer to?
What does anabolism refer to?
What defines a kilocalorie?
What defines a kilocalorie?
What happens when essential nutrients are constantly missing from the diet?
What happens when essential nutrients are constantly missing from the diet?
Which nutrient-related concept does the phrase 'You are what you eat' represent?
Which nutrient-related concept does the phrase 'You are what you eat' represent?
Which activity burns the least calories per hour for a 70 kg person?
Which activity burns the least calories per hour for a 70 kg person?
How many kilocalories per hour does playing soccer/football burn for a 70 kg individual?
How many kilocalories per hour does playing soccer/football burn for a 70 kg individual?
What nutrient deficiency can lead to symptoms such as blindness or sterility?
What nutrient deficiency can lead to symptoms such as blindness or sterility?
For females aged 20 to 40 weighing 65 kg, what is the daily energy requirement for heavy work?
For females aged 20 to 40 weighing 65 kg, what is the daily energy requirement for heavy work?
Which of the following statements about metabolism is true?
Which of the following statements about metabolism is true?
Which organization is NOT mentioned in regard to average daily energy requirements?
Which organization is NOT mentioned in regard to average daily energy requirements?
What is the definition of a nutrient?
What is the definition of a nutrient?
Which term refers to the science of food in its relationship to health?
Which term refers to the science of food in its relationship to health?
What does metabolism encompass?
What does metabolism encompass?
What does the term catabolism refer to?
What does the term catabolism refer to?
What is anabolism?
What is anabolism?
What does energy represent in the context of nutrition?
What does energy represent in the context of nutrition?
How is a kilocalorie defined?
How is a kilocalorie defined?
Which statement accurately describes a kiloJoule?
Which statement accurately describes a kiloJoule?
What is nutrition?
What is nutrition?
What are the two basic types of metabolism?
What are the two basic types of metabolism?
Define energy in the context of human nutrition.
Define energy in the context of human nutrition.
What is a kilocalorie?
What is a kilocalorie?
The essential nutrient types include __________ and __________.
The essential nutrient types include __________ and __________.
Energy requirements for sedentary individuals are approximately 2000 kcal per day.
Energy requirements for sedentary individuals are approximately 2000 kcal per day.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What are the average daily energy requirements for a male athlete aged 20 to 40 weighing 75 kg?
What are the average daily energy requirements for a male athlete aged 20 to 40 weighing 75 kg?
What is the average percentage of carbohydrates in a diet composition?
What is the average percentage of carbohydrates in a diet composition?
What is nutrition?
What is nutrition?
Define metabolism.
Define metabolism.
What are the two basic types of metabolism?
What are the two basic types of metabolism?
What is a kilocalorie?
What is a kilocalorie?
What is energy in the context of nutrition?
What is energy in the context of nutrition?
What are nutrients?
What are nutrients?
The cells in the nervous tissue are constantly renewed.
The cells in the nervous tissue are constantly renewed.
The average daily energy requirements of a sedentary individual are approximately _____ kcal per day.
The average daily energy requirements of a sedentary individual are approximately _____ kcal per day.
One kilocalorie (kcal) is approximately equal to _____ kiloJoules (kJ).
One kilocalorie (kcal) is approximately equal to _____ kiloJoules (kJ).
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Metabolism Overview
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in the body.
- Two primary types of metabolism:
- Anabolism: Process of assembling substances.
- Catabolism: Process of breaking down substances.
Energy and Measurement
- Energy is the capacity to do work, crucial for nutrient utilization.
- Energy from food is measured in kilocalories (kcal) and kilojoules (kJ).
- 1 kcal ≈ 4.18 kJ.
Daily Energy Requirements
- Average daily energy needs vary:
- Sedentary individuals: ~2000 kcal.
- Highly active individuals: ~3500 kcal.
- Specific factors impacting energy needs include age, weight, sex, and activity level.
Macronutrients and Micronutrients
- Diet composition (dry matter) typically consists of:
- Carbohydrates: 62%
- Fat: 19%
- Protein: 18%
- Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals required in smaller amounts.
Nutrients
- Nutrients are essential for proper bodily functions.
- Deficiencies in essential nutrients can lead to severe health issues, including blindness and mental disorders.
- Nutrients are integral to cell structure and renewal.
Cell Renewal Rate
- Cell renewal varies by tissue type:
- Red blood cells: Renewed every 4 months.
- Digestive tract cells: Renewed every 1-2 days.
- Nerve cells: Generally not renewed, existing throughout life.
Average Energy Requirements by Activity (WHO & FAO/UNU standards)
- Females (20-40 years):
- Sedentary (45 kg): 1650 kcal, (75 kg): 2250 kcal.
- Active: Ranges from 2100 to 2900 kcal based on weight/activity.
- Males (20-40 years):
- Sedentary (55 kg): 2100 kcal, (85 kg): 2700 kcal.
- Active: Ranges from 2700 to 4200 kcal based on weight/activity.
Energy Expenditure for Activities (per hour for a 70 kg man)
- Rest or sleep: 80 kcal
- Sitting: 100 kcal
- Housework: 180 kcal
- Running (16 km/h): 900 kcal
Definitions
-
Nutrient: Substances in food necessary for body functioning.
-
Nutrition: The science connecting food and health, beyond mere absence of disease.
-
Metabolism: Totality of chemical reactions in the body.
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Energy: Work capacity derived from nutrient breakdown.
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Kilocalorie (kcal): Energy unit, defined by the temperature increase of 1 kg of water.
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KiloJoule (kJ): Energy unit, where 1 kcal = 4.18 kJ.### Nutrition, Metabolism, and Digestion
-
Nutrition: Science of how the body utilizes nutrients from food for functions and health; goes beyond just the absence of disease.
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Nutrients: Essential substances found in food necessary for proper bodily function; deficiencies can lead to severe health issues such as blindness or mental impairments.
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Cell Renewal: Varies by tissue type; for instance, red blood cells renew every 4 months, while digestive tract cells renew every 1-2 days. Most body cells renew approximately every 3 months, except nerve cells, which last a lifetime.
Metabolism
-
Metabolism: Total of all chemical reactions in the body, enabling it to function as a whole system. Divided into:
- Anabolism: The process of building up substances in the body.
- Catabolism: The breakdown of substances for energy release.
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Energy: Ability to do work; derived from breaking down nutrients in cells. Average energy requirements are about 2000 kcal/day for sedentary individuals and up to 3500 kcal/day for highly active individuals.
Energy Units
- Kilocalorie (kcal): Defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg or 1 liter of water by 1°C; 1 kcal = 4.18 kiloJoules (kJ).
- KiloJoule (kJ): Another unit of energy measurement, where 1 kJ equals approximately 0.239 kcal.
Daily Energy Requirements
- Average Daily Energy Needs by Gender and Weight (kcal/day):
- Females (20-40 years):
- 45 kg: 1650 (sitting) to 2100 (athletes)
- 55 kg: 1850 to 2400
- 65 kg: 2050 to 2600
- 75 kg: 2250 to 2900
- Males (20-40 years):
- 55 kg: 2100 to 3300
- 65 kg: 2350 to 3700
- 75 kg: 2500 to 4000
- 85 kg: 2700 to 4200
- Females (20-40 years):
Activity Energy Cost
- Energy expenditure of various activities for a 70 kg individual measured in kcal/hour:
- Rest/Sleep: 80 kcal
- Sitting: 100 kcal
- Driving: 120 kcal
- Housework: 180 kcal
- Walking (4.0 km/h): 210 kcal
- Golf: 250 kcal
- Walking (5.5 km/h): 300 kcal
- Table Tennis: 360 kcal
- Weed Chopping: 400 kcal
- Tennis: 420 kcal
- Soccer/Football: 600 kcal
- Running (16 km/h): 900 kcal
Macronutrients and Micronutrients
- Standard dietary composition (% dry matter):
- Carbohydrates: 62%
- Fats: 19%
- Proteins: 18%
- Minerals/Trace elements: Not specified.
Nutritional Definitions
- Macronutrients: Nutrients required in larger amounts (carbohydrates, fats, proteins).
- Micronutrients: Nutrients needed in smaller amounts (vitamins, minerals).
- Essential Nutrients: Nutrients that the body cannot produce and must be obtained from food.
These concepts form the foundational understanding of how food and nutrients contribute to energy, metabolism, and overall health.
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