Food and Nutrient Patterns Quiz

Wheat, rice, maize (corn), oats, barley, rye, and millet are the main cereals that contribute valuable nutrients to the human diet.

Cereals provide energy from carbohydrates and a range of vitamins and minerals, including B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin) and minerals like iron, calcium, and magnesium.

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is crucial for carbohydrate metabolism and forms thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a vital coenzyme involved in numerous metabolic processes.

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a building block for FMN and FAD, important coenzymes involved in redox reactions crucial for metabolic pathways like fatty acid oxidation.

Substances with potential health benefits, like antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, but not directly providing nutritional value.

Fruits & vegetables, rich in soluble fiber, are important contributors to the intake of dietary fibers, accounting for around ⅓ of total fiber intake.

Magnesium, a vital mineral, acts as a cofactor in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including those involved in ATP production, glycolysis, and the Krebs cycle.

Milk and milk products, meat and meat products, fish and fish dishes, eggs and egg dishes are excellent sources of Vitamin B12, a vital nutrient for various bodily functions.

Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) binds all-trans retinoic acid, while Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) forms homodimers and heterodimers with other receptors like Vitamin D, Thyroid Hormone, and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR). These heterodimers regulate gene expression and metabolism, including insulin signaling.

Vitamin A deficiency can cause a range of problems, from night blindness to xerophthalmia and xerosis, increased susceptibility to infections due to weakened immune function, and skin problems.

Vitamin A deficiency can contribute to functional iron deficiency anemia by interfering with hemoglobin formation. This hinders the mobilization of iron for hemoglobin synthesis, which is crucial for oxygen transport in red blood cells.

A single dose of 60mg of retinol can protect children in developing countries from Vitamin A deficiency for 4-6 months.

Chronic intake of over 7500-9000 µg/day of retinol in adults can cause toxicity. The recommended daily intake for adults is 650-750 µg RE/day. While excessive carotenoids can cause yellow-orange skin discoloration (carotenemia), they do not cause hypervitaminosis A because they are not readily converted to retinol in excess.

A repeating series of four reactions in mitochondria that breaks down fatty acyl CoA, producing acetyl CoA and a shorter fatty acyl CoA.

The primary end product of beta-oxidation. It can be used in the Krebs cycle for energy production or converted into ketone bodies.

A series of three molecules – acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone – produced during the breakdown of fatty acids when glucose is scarce.

The process of forming ketone bodies from acetyl CoA, especially during fasting, prolonged exercise, or low-carbohydrate diets.

A byproduct of ketogenesis, formed spontaneously from acetoacetate.

A condition where high levels of ketone bodies in the blood lower the pH, leading to potential complications like coma or death.

Cytosolic acetyl CoA serves as the precursor for the synthesis of this essential molecule.

A molecule that plays a crucial role in membrane structure and serves as a precursor for bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.

The organ responsible for holding the largest amount of body protein pool.

The continuous process of breakdown and synthesis of proteins within cells.

Biotin, also known as vitamin H, acts as a coenzyme for acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), catalyzing the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. This reaction is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis.

Vitamin A, E, D, and K are fat-soluble vitamins, meaning they dissolve in fats and oils. They are absorbed from the gut along with dietary fat.

Xerophthalmia is a condition caused by severe vitamin A deficiency. It results in dry eyes, which can lead to blindness if left untreated. Even marginal vitamin A deficiencies can increase susceptibility to infections like respiratory infections and diarrhea.

Retinol is found in liver, full-fat dairy products, fortified margarine, eggs, and oily fish. Beta-carotene, which can be converted to retinol, is found in dark-green leafy vegetables and yellow/orange fruits and vegetables.

Retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A, is a ligand for nuclear receptors involved in gene expression. It is formed in the liver and other tissues and transported bound to serum albumin. Once formed, retinoic acid enters the nucleus of cells, where it binds to RARs or RXRs, initiating gene transcription.

Vitamin A is stored in the liver for later use.

1-cis-retinaldehyde is required for the formation of rhodopsin, a light-sensitive pigment found in the rod cells of the retina. Rhodopsin is essential for vision in low-light conditions. It undergoes a change upon light absorption, triggering nerve impulses related to vision.

Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining healthy skin, mucous membranes, and immune function. It also plays a vital role in vision, growth, and cell differentiation.

Deficiency of vitamin A can lead to various health problems, including night blindness, xerophthalmia, impaired immune function, and increased risk of infections.

Vitamin C acts as a cofactor for enzymes called hydroxylases. These enzymes are crucial in the synthesis of important molecules like collagen (connective tissue), carnitine (fat metabolism), and noradrenaline (neurotransmitter).

When vitamin C intake exceeds 100 mg daily, plasma levels reach a threshold where the kidneys start excreting excess vitamin C in the urine.

Vitamin C promotes iron absorption by converting ferric iron (Fe³⁺) to the more absorbable ferrous form (Fe²⁺). It also interacts with iron and facilitates its uptake in the intestines.

Pantothenic acid is a vitamin produced by the gut microbiome and is a key component of Coenzyme A. This coenzyme plays a crucial role in many metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle.

Acetyl-CoA is formed during the breakdown of fatty acids (beta-oxidation) and amino acids (oxidative degradation). It then acts as a substrate for the citric acid cycle, a process responsible for generating energy.

Vitamin C acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting essential molecules like DNA from damage caused by free radicals.

Vitamin C can regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form, thereby participating in the recycling of other important antioxidants.

Alanine is converted to pyruvate, which then forms acetyl-CoA.

Leucine is directly converted to acetyl-CoA.

Isoleucine and valine are broken down into propionyl-CoA, further processed to succinyl-CoA, and ultimately forming acetyl-CoA.