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Questions and Answers
Which nuclear retinoid receptors can form heterodimers to regulate gene expression and metabolism?
Which nuclear retinoid receptors can form heterodimers to regulate gene expression and metabolism?
What is a consequence of vitamin A deficiency that directly affects hemoglobin formation?
What is a consequence of vitamin A deficiency that directly affects hemoglobin formation?
What dose of retinol is recommended daily for adults to avoid toxicity?
What dose of retinol is recommended daily for adults to avoid toxicity?
Which of the following states regarding carotenoid toxicity is correct?
Which of the following states regarding carotenoid toxicity is correct?
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What is the protective duration provided by a single dose of 60mg of retinol given to children in developing countries?
What is the protective duration provided by a single dose of 60mg of retinol given to children in developing countries?
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What percentage of energy intake from cereals can typically be found in rural Africa or Asia?
What percentage of energy intake from cereals can typically be found in rural Africa or Asia?
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Which food source is NOT a significant contributor of vitamin B12?
Which food source is NOT a significant contributor of vitamin B12?
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Which vitamin forms thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a coenzyme crucial for carbohydrate metabolism?
Which vitamin forms thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a coenzyme crucial for carbohydrate metabolism?
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What type of vitamins are thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin classified as?
What type of vitamins are thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin classified as?
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What health benefit is NOT associated with non-nutrients?
What health benefit is NOT associated with non-nutrients?
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Which type of fiber is primarily rich in fruits and vegetables?
Which type of fiber is primarily rich in fruits and vegetables?
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Which mineral plays a crucial role in catalyzing several metabolic pathways?
Which mineral plays a crucial role in catalyzing several metabolic pathways?
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What percentage of total fiber intake is accounted for by fruits and vegetables?
What percentage of total fiber intake is accounted for by fruits and vegetables?
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What is the function of biotin in fatty acid synthesis?
What is the function of biotin in fatty acid synthesis?
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Which fat-soluble vitamins are commonly recognized?
Which fat-soluble vitamins are commonly recognized?
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What condition can result from severe vitamin A deficiency in children?
What condition can result from severe vitamin A deficiency in children?
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Which dietary source is rich in retinol?
Which dietary source is rich in retinol?
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How is retinoic acid formed from retinol?
How is retinoic acid formed from retinol?
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What is the primary function of rhodopsin?
What is the primary function of rhodopsin?
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Which vitamin A source can be converted into retinol?
Which vitamin A source can be converted into retinol?
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What role does malonyl-CoA play in fatty acid metabolism?
What role does malonyl-CoA play in fatty acid metabolism?
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Which form of vitamin A is primarily involved in gene expression?
Which form of vitamin A is primarily involved in gene expression?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with a marginal vitamin A deficiency?
Which of the following diseases is associated with a marginal vitamin A deficiency?
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What is a primary role of vitamin C in enzymatic reactions?
What is a primary role of vitamin C in enzymatic reactions?
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How does vitamin C affect iron absorption?
How does vitamin C affect iron absorption?
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When the renal threshold for ascorbic acid is reached, what happens to excess vitamin C?
When the renal threshold for ascorbic acid is reached, what happens to excess vitamin C?
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Which critical biomolecules require vitamin C as a cofactor for hydroxylation?
Which critical biomolecules require vitamin C as a cofactor for hydroxylation?
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What is the role of acetyl-CoA in metabolic pathways?
What is the role of acetyl-CoA in metabolic pathways?
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Which vitamin produced by the microbiome is crucial for metabolic pathways?
Which vitamin produced by the microbiome is crucial for metabolic pathways?
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Which statement best details how vitamin C improves iron absorption?
Which statement best details how vitamin C improves iron absorption?
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Which nutrient's biosynthesis involves hydroxylation step(s) that require vitamin C?
Which nutrient's biosynthesis involves hydroxylation step(s) that require vitamin C?
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What happens to vitamin C at plasma concentrations above the renal threshold?
What happens to vitamin C at plasma concentrations above the renal threshold?
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Which amino acid directly converts to acetyl-CoA?
Which amino acid directly converts to acetyl-CoA?
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What is the end product of the fatty acid cleavage process in mitochondria?
What is the end product of the fatty acid cleavage process in mitochondria?
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Under what conditions are ketone bodies most likely to be formed?
Under what conditions are ketone bodies most likely to be formed?
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Which of the following ketone bodies is a byproduct formed during ketogenesis?
Which of the following ketone bodies is a byproduct formed during ketogenesis?
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What risk is associated with high concentrations of ketone bodies?
What risk is associated with high concentrations of ketone bodies?
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From which precursor is cholesterol synthesized?
From which precursor is cholesterol synthesized?
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What is one important function of cholesterol in the body?
What is one important function of cholesterol in the body?
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Where in the body is most of the protein pool stored?
Where in the body is most of the protein pool stored?
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Which of the following is a focus of sustainable future food sources?
Which of the following is a focus of sustainable future food sources?
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Which condition may lead to dangerous levels of ketone bodies?
Which condition may lead to dangerous levels of ketone bodies?
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During which metabolic pathway does acetyl CoA get diverted towards ketogenesis?
During which metabolic pathway does acetyl CoA get diverted towards ketogenesis?
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Study Notes
Food and Nutrient Patterns
- A typical Western diet is high in processed foods, sugar, salt, fat, and protein from red meat. This diet can contribute to metabolic disorders.
- Cereals, like wheat, rice, maize, oats, barley, rye, and millet, provide 30% of energy intake in Western diets, and up to 70% in rural Africa and Asia.
- Cereals contain energy from carbohydrates, B vitamins (B1, B2, B3), and minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium).
- Vitamin B12 is found in milk, milk products, meat, meat products, fish, fish dishes, eggs, and egg dishes.
- Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin are water-soluble vitamins.
- Vitamin B1 (thiamin) forms thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), crucial for carbohydrate metabolism.
- Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) forms flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), vital for redox reactions in metabolic pathways.
- Non-nutrients, like phytochemicals (carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids), in fruits and vegetables, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties but no direct nutritional value.
- Fruits and vegetables are major sources of dietary fiber, contributing approximately 50% of total fiber intake, particularly in soluble fiber. Soluble fiber helps in lowering serum cholesterol and slowing glucose absorption.
- Minerals are important in catalyzing metabolic pathways.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- The central nervous system primarily uses glucose for energy. However, it can utilize ketone bodies for energy when glucose is unavailable.
- Risks of a low-carbohydrate diet include loss of bone mineral, increased cholesterol, and kidney stones. The minimum daily intake of carbohydrates to prevent ketosis is 50g.
- The recommended portion of energy intake from carbohydrates is 50%.
- Carbohydrate classifications include sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides), sugar alcohols, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- Carbohydrates to avoid that may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes are high-GI carbohydrates.
- Glycemic index (GI) indicates how much a food raises blood glucose levels compared to a reference carbohydrate.
- Glycemic load (GL) is the product of GI and the carbohydrate content per serving.
Polyphenols and Phytochemicals
- Polyphenols and other phytochemicals are secondary plant metabolites with antioxidant properties, found in foods like onion, apples, tea, red wine.
- Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant activity and is found in apples, tea, red wine.
Novel Foods
- Novel foods are substances or foods that have no history of safe use as food, or are significantly changed through manufacturing processes.
- Novel foods must meet EU safety requirements prior to marketing.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various food and nutrient patterns found in Western and rural diets. Understand the significance of cereals, vitamins, and non-nutrient compounds in human metabolism and health. This quiz will cover key dietary concepts and nutrient functions crucial for a balanced diet.
