Food and Drug Disposition

What are the three main things that food can affect in the body in relation to drugs?

Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)

Food-drugs interactions can:

Food affects drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion.

Drugs can affect food absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion.

Drug's side effects can impact food intake and nutrient absorption.

What can occur when drugs are combined with certain types of food?

Do food-drug interactions mainly occur with pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics?

Most food-drug interactions occur at the stage of absorption and then metabolism.

There are very few food-drug interactions with pharmacodynamics.

Where do most food-drug interactions with pharmacodynamics occur?

What can happen when someone consumes excessive potassium while taking ACE inhibitors?

A fatty meal can increase the absorption of Acitretin.

Alendronic acid is best absorbed with food or milk.

A fatty meal increases the solubility of Albendazole.

Ampicillin is best absorbed without food.

Atovaquone is best absorbed with a fatty meal.

Azithromycin capsules should be taken with food.

Captopril has no dietary restrictions.

A consistent meal routine helps maintain a steady level of Carbamazepine in the body.

Food can affect both the rate and extent of drug absorption.

What are the five categories of drug-food interactions that are related to absorption?

Delayed absorption of a drug is usually due to a slower gastric emptying rate and/or increased gastric pH.

Delayed absorption usually results in a decreased Cmax and a shorter Tmax.

Delayed absorption will always affect overall all extent of absorption (AUC).

Decreased absorption refers to an increase in the extent of gastrointestinal medicine absorption.

Diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel diseases can affect drug bioavailability.

In certain cases, patients with diabetes mellitus may experience delayed gastric emptying due to autonomic neuropathy.

Aspirin is best taken 2 hours after meals with a full glass of water.

Food slows down the absorption of Isoniazid.

Isoniazid should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.

Increased intestinal drug uptake results from delayed gastric emptying and increased secretion of bile salts.

Accelerated drug uptake is caused by the up-regulation of carrier-mediated transport systems in response to high-protein meals.

Fatty foods and low-fiber foods speed up stomach emptying.

Griseofulvin and oltipraz show increased absorption and bioavailability after a high-fat meal.

Ascorbic acid inhibits iron absorption.

Carbonated drinks and acid juices slow down drug dissolution in the stomach.

Tetracyclines are best absorbed with food containing calcium, magnesium, or aluminium.

The physical and chemical characteristics of a drug can influence its absorption.

Fluconazole and itraconazole belong to different chemical classes.

Itraconazole displays increased absorption in the presence of food.

Meals can influence the chiral inversion of ibuprofen.

The size of the meal does not affect drug absorption.

High-fat content in meals can increase bioavailability of lipophilic drugs.

A high fiber content enhances the bioavailability of certain medications.

Grapefruit juice can increase the Cmax of felodipine.

Calcium in milk and milk products increase absorption of certain antibiotics.

Orange juice can enhance iron absorption.

Taking medications with soda or high acid fruit juice can potentially cause excess stomach acidity.

Fatty foods can decrease the absorption of griseofulvin.

Dietary components significantly influence certain medications' metabolism.

Malnutrition contributes to altered hepatic metabolism.

Grapefruit juice inhibits the activity of CYP3A4 enzymes, affecting the metabolism of many medications.

Garlic inhibits the activity of CYP2C19 enzymes.

Broccoli induces the activity of CYP2C9 enzymes.

Piperine present in black pepper enhances the bioavailability of certain drugs.

Piperine inhibits the activity of hepatic and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase.

Piperine's effect on the ultrastructure of intestinal brush border decreases drug absorption.

Piperine has been shown to decrease the oral bioavailability of phenytoin in normal and epileptic patients.

Dietary changes can significantly alter drug excretion.

Changes in urine pH caused by food can significantly affect drug excretion rates.

A drug in unionized state can diffuse more easily out of the urine back into the blood.

Antacids can increase the excretion rate of acidic drugs.

Warfarin's effect can be directly antagonized by ingesting foods rich in vitamin K.

Avocado intake has been reported to cause warfarin antagonism.

Potassium-rich foods like bananas and spinach can potentially lead to hyperkalaemia when taken with diuretic drugs.

Certain food components compete with levodopa for transporters.

Corticosteroids can increase appetite.

Antidepressants often increase appetite.

Laxatives can cause nutrient loss.

Antacids are known to increase nutrient absorption.

Cancer drugs often cause nausea and vomiting.

Amoxicillin is a common antibiotic that can cause diarrhoea.

Reduced gastric emptying often leads to a decreased Tmax.

Increased blood flow to the GI tract can lead to increased AUC and Cmax for some drugs.

Increased gastric pH can create an environment that favors the absorption of acidic drugs.

Food ingredients can alter solubility of drugs, particularly lipophilic drugs.

Inhibition of GI enzymes or transporter activity can lead to decreased drug metabolism and uptake.

Inhibition of GI enzymes or transporter activity can result in lower AUC and Cmax for some drugs.