فنون العمارة البابلية 4

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من هو المحاضر المذكور في المحتوى؟

Lec.

قسم الهندسة المعمارية ينتمي إلى كلية __________.

الهندسة

قم بمطابقة الأقسام مع الكلية المناسبة:

الهندسة المعمارية = كلية الهندسة الهندسة المدنية = كلية الهندسة الهندسة الكهربائية = كلية الهندسة الهندسة الميكانيكية = كلية الهندسة

ما هي عاصمة الإمبراطورية البابلية القديمة؟

بابل Signup and view all the answers

حمورابي كان أحد ملوك بابل المشهورين بقوانينه.

True Signup and view all the answers

متى أسس الملك سرجون الأكدي مدينة بابل؟

بين عامي 2279-2334 ق.م. Signup and view all the answers

معبد عشتار يقع بالقرب من نهر _____ في منطقة اشجالي.

ديالى Signup and view all the answers

من هو الملك الذي حكم بابل بين عامي 562-605 ق.م.؟

نبوخذ نصر Signup and view all the answers

العمارة البابيلية كانت تشمل المعابد فقط.

False Signup and view all the answers

ما هي المميزات الفريدة لمعبد عشتار من حيث التخطيط؟

مخطط مستطيل، يحتوي على ثلاثة معابد، مع مدخل مزين بأبراج. Signup and view all the answers

الإمبراطورية البابلية الثانية كانت تعرف أثناء حكم ________.

الكلدانيين Signup and view all the answers

طابق بين المعابدة والخصائص المتعلقة بها:

معبد عشتار = معبد مركب يتكون من ثلاثة معابد معبد نيسيبا = منتشر ضمن الأحياء السكنية معبد أي-أنا = صومعة مزدوجة مع محراب مقصر الملك زمريلم = نظام هندسي موحد Signup and view all the answers

ماذا يعني الاسم 'بابروش' الذي أطلقه الفرس على بابل؟

بوابة الإله Signup and view all the answers

إمبراطورية بابل كانت محصورة فقط في العراق.

False Signup and view all the answers

ما أبرز سمات المعابد في العصر البابلي القديم؟

تخطيط دقيق للحركة باتجاه صوامع العبادة وتزيين أبراج المدخلين. Signup and view all the answers

سقطت بابل في يد كورش الثاني ملك _____ عام 539 ق.م.

الفرس Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الأبعاد الدقيقة لمعبد عشتار؟

120 * 60 م Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Babylonian Architecture

Babylonian land, also known as Babylonia or Babel, was called "the gateway of the god" in Akkadian.
The ancient Persians called it Babiru.
It was an ancient Mesopotamian region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, south of Baghdad, Iraq.
The Babylonian civilization emerged between the 18th and 6th centuries BC.
The region's center was the city of Babylon, which was inhabited by various peoples and rulers throughout its history.
Agriculture was a key aspect of the Babylonian society.
Babylon's construction dates back before the reign of King Sargon the Akkadian (2334-2279 BC).
It was a small city and a port on the Euphrates River.
Arise in river levels submerged the city's ancient traces.
King Hammurabi (died 1750 BC) was known for his legal code.
The Babylonian Empire declined after Hammurabi but flourished again and expanded to include Palestine and parts of Egypt during the Chaldean rule in Babylonia from 625 BC.
This later period is known as the "Second (or Neo-Babylonian) Empire".
Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC) was a prominent ruler of this period and Babylon was surrounded by massive walls with wide gates.
The empire was eventually conquered by Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BC.
The Babylonians made considerable contributions to astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and music.

Early Babylonian Architecture (Early Babylonian Period)

Temples during the Early Babylonian era were rectangular (60 x 120 m) structures raised 3 meters above ground on a platform.
These were composite temples, consisting of three temples.
A primary temple occupied most of the western portion.
Two smaller temples were aligned along the long northwestern side.
A large courtyard in the southeastern section was accessed via a large gate with towers.
The western side of the courtyard contained a gate with towers accessed via a staircase.
A smaller courtyard extended north-south, with a second gate on the southern side.
A double-god sanctuary was located on the northern side, with a deep niche on the sanctuary's second room's axis.

Other Features

Other smaller temples existed.
Temples like Nisaba in Tell Harmal had entrances with decorative towers, leading via a transitional room to a courtyard and a main sanctuary with a double niche.
The temple of Karaindash in Uruk had a rectangular plan with a gateway on one of the shorter sides, decorated with double towers.
Towers pointed toward the cardinal directions.
The temple was raised on a platform.
Simple structure with a transitional space and a long sanctuary ending in a niche.
Exterior walls were made of fired bricks with carved reliefs of deities within recesses, and symbols of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in their friezes.

Palaces

The palace of King Zimrilim in Mari, along the Euphrates River in modern-day Deir ez-Zor, Syria (part of the Mesopotamian Valley), stands out.
The palace lacked uniform architectural planning due to successive additions.
Its layout was roughly square, and walls varied in thickness due to incremental construction.
Multiple wings surrounded separate courtyards.

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تتناول هذه الاختبار فنون العمارة البابلية وخاصة تطورها وأهم معالمها. سوف تستكشف التاريخ الغني لبابل كمركز حضاري وتأثير الزراعة على تصميم المدينة. تعرّف على الملوك البارزين مثل حمورابي ودورهم في صنع التاريخ.