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Questions and Answers
What are the two scientific meanings of hunger?
What is the meaning of satiation?
What does satiety refer to?
What is one of the reasons for studying what controls eating mentioned in the text?
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According to the text, what is a potential explanation for the origin of food taboos?
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What are the three key concepts mentioned in the text related to eating?
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What are the two meanings of hunger and satiation mentioned in the text?
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What is the delayed effect of eating with TV?
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What is the principal mechanism through which the mouth affects eating?
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What effect does inflating a balloon in the stomach have on sham feeding?
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What is the role of the vagus and splenic nerves in relation to stomach signals?
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What happens when food is broken down in the stomach and gut?
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What is the effect of sweet taste on food consumption?
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What is the procedure called when a hole is made in the oesophagus so that food comes out at this point?
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What is the role of insulin mechanism in relation to sweet taste?
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What effect does placing food directly into the stomach have on sham feeding?
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What are the objective measures used in experimental studies to measure food intake?
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What are the two types of food intake observed in humans?
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What are the crucial energy needs in managing food intake, especially for small mammals like mice?
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What is the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?
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How do environmental cues associated with food trigger hunger and influence eating behavior?
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What is the level at which environmental food cues affect behavior and drive eating behavior?
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What are the three important and recurring themes in the control of eating?
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What effect does larger packets of food have on serving size?
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How does accessibility affect food consumption?
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What is the impact of time as a cue to eating?
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What is the evidence for time-related control of food intake?
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How does temperature affect appetite?
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What effect do shorter days have on food consumption?
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What is the impact of the number of people present when eating on food intake?
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What factor significantly influences the amount of food consumed unconsciously?
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What effect does making food more accessible have on consumption?
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What is the relationship between meal sizes and intermeal intervals across the course of a day in American participants?
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What effect does ambient temperature and temperature regulation have on appetite and food intake?
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What is the most powerful peripheral factor promoting food intake?
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What effect does TV viewing have on food intake?
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What is the effect of TV viewing on eating via associative learning?
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Study Notes
Controls of Food Intake
- Hunger can be a poor predictor of food intake as people may confuse arousal or anxiety for hunger.
- Objective measures like amount consumed, eating rate, and food types selected are used in experimental studies to measure food intake.
- Food intake can be hunger-driven or satiety-driven, with satiety-driven intake being observed in time-blinded humans.
- Short-term and long-term energy needs are crucial in managing food intake, especially for small mammals like mice.
- The control of eating is complex and involves biological and psychological factors, with no grand theory.
- Biological controls of appetite and psychological controls of appetite are important recurring themes in food intake.
- Stomach contractions were historically thought to cause hunger, but more sensitive measurements reveal a weak relationship between contractions and hunger.
- Environmental cues associated with food, such as sounds, smells, and sights, can trigger hunger and influence eating behavior.
- These cues likely work through associative learning between the cue and prior episodes of ingestion, similar to Pavlov's experiments with dogs.
- The level at which environmental food cues affect behavior and drive eating is not fully established.
- Thirst, which only has one key stimulus - water - still utilizes multiple mechanisms, making food a more complex stimulus.
- There are three important and recurring themes in the control of eating: biological controls of appetite, psychological controls of appetite, and central controls (CNS factors) versus peripheral/environmental controls.
Peripheral Factors Affecting Food Intake
- Portion size significantly influences the amount of food consumed unconsciously.
- Larger packets of food lead to larger serves, and portion sizes have increased in recent years.
- The greater the choice of foods available, the more one will typically eat due to sensory specific satiety.
- Making food more accessible increases consumption; people eat more if no extra effort is needed to obtain the food.
- Time serves as a cue to eating, and meal times are to some extent social constructs.
- Meal sizes increase and intermeal intervals decrease across the course of a day in American participants.
- Evidence suggests that ambient temperature and temperature regulation affect appetite and food intake.
- In long-term studies, the amount of food consumed consistently increases in the fall as winter approaches.
- The number of people present when eating is the most powerful peripheral factor promoting food intake.
- Social facilitation effects are most pronounced for family members and friends, leading to increased food consumption.
- TV viewing can increase food intake via mechanisms similar to social facilitation, especially if the TV show is moderately distracting.
- TV viewing can trigger eating via associative learning, and the effects on food intake are most pronounced if the TV show is moderately distracting.
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