Week 5 part 2

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Questions and Answers

What are the two scientific meanings of hunger?

Subjective desire to eat and objective state of the body when nutrient depleted (correct)

Bodily weakness and feeling of stomach fullness

Psychological construct and reduction in pleasure from eating

Physical sensation of emptiness and desire to eat something 'tasty'

What is the meaning of satiation?

Physical sensation of emptiness and related feelings

Subjective loss of desire for food and absence of desire to eat

Reduction in pleasure from eating and increase in feeling of stomach fullness (correct)

Desire to eat something 'tasty' and bodily weakness

What does satiety refer to?

Physical sensation of emptiness and related feelings

Objective state of the body when nutrient depleted and desire to eat something 'tasty'

The absence of a desire to eat and reduction in pleasure from eating (correct)

Subjective loss of desire for food and increase in feeling of stomach fullness

What is one of the reasons for studying what controls eating mentioned in the text?

Assisting better approaches to dieting Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is a potential explanation for the origin of food taboos?

Consequence of ecological forces operating within a society Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key concepts mentioned in the text related to eating?

Hunger, satiety, satiation Signup and view all the answers

What are the two meanings of hunger and satiation mentioned in the text?

Subjective and objective meanings Signup and view all the answers

What is the delayed effect of eating with TV?

It makes it harder to remember what you have eaten Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal mechanism through which the mouth affects eating?

Sensory specific satiety Signup and view all the answers

What effect does inflating a balloon in the stomach have on sham feeding?

No effect, except when very expanded Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the vagus and splenic nerves in relation to stomach signals?

They reduce stomach signals Signup and view all the answers

What happens when food is broken down in the stomach and gut?

A range of chemicals are released into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sweet taste on food consumption?

Sweet foods are consumed in greater quantities than non-sweet foods Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure called when a hole is made in the oesophagus so that food comes out at this point?

Sham Feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin mechanism in relation to sweet taste?

Insulin secreted when sweet taste is sampled, lowers blood sugar and increases hunger Signup and view all the answers

What effect does placing food directly into the stomach have on sham feeding?

Reduces sham feeding, even with a pyloric cuff Signup and view all the answers

What are the objective measures used in experimental studies to measure food intake?

Amount consumed, eating rate, and food types selected Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of food intake observed in humans?

Hunger-driven and satiety-driven Signup and view all the answers

What are the crucial energy needs in managing food intake, especially for small mammals like mice?

Short-term and long-term energy needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stomach contractions and hunger?

Weak relationship between contractions and hunger Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental cues associated with food trigger hunger and influence eating behavior?

Through associative learning between the cue and prior episodes of ingestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the level at which environmental food cues affect behavior and drive eating behavior?

Not fully established Signup and view all the answers

What are the three important and recurring themes in the control of eating?

Biological controls of appetite, psychological controls of appetite, and central controls (CNS factors) versus peripheral/environmental controls Signup and view all the answers

What effect does larger packets of food have on serving size?

They lead to larger serves Signup and view all the answers

How does accessibility affect food consumption?

Making food more accessible increases consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of time as a cue to eating?

The passage of time can become a cue to the need to eat Signup and view all the answers

What is the evidence for time-related control of food intake?

Multiple diary studies indicate that meal sizes increase and intermeal intervals decrease across the course of a day Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect appetite?

Hotter ambient temperatures reduce intake Signup and view all the answers

What effect do shorter days have on food consumption?

The amount of food consumed consistently increases in the fall Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the number of people present when eating on food intake?

The more people there are, the more food gets consumed per person Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly influences the amount of food consumed unconsciously?

Portion size Signup and view all the answers

What effect does making food more accessible have on consumption?

Increases consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between meal sizes and intermeal intervals across the course of a day in American participants?

Meal sizes increase and intermeal intervals decrease Signup and view all the answers

What effect does ambient temperature and temperature regulation have on appetite and food intake?

Affect appetite and food intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the most powerful peripheral factor promoting food intake?

The number of people present when eating Signup and view all the answers

What effect does TV viewing have on food intake?

Can increase food intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of TV viewing on eating via associative learning?

Can trigger eating Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Controls of Food Intake

Hunger can be a poor predictor of food intake as people may confuse arousal or anxiety for hunger.
Objective measures like amount consumed, eating rate, and food types selected are used in experimental studies to measure food intake.
Food intake can be hunger-driven or satiety-driven, with satiety-driven intake being observed in time-blinded humans.
Short-term and long-term energy needs are crucial in managing food intake, especially for small mammals like mice.
The control of eating is complex and involves biological and psychological factors, with no grand theory.
Biological controls of appetite and psychological controls of appetite are important recurring themes in food intake.
Stomach contractions were historically thought to cause hunger, but more sensitive measurements reveal a weak relationship between contractions and hunger.
Environmental cues associated with food, such as sounds, smells, and sights, can trigger hunger and influence eating behavior.
These cues likely work through associative learning between the cue and prior episodes of ingestion, similar to Pavlov's experiments with dogs.
The level at which environmental food cues affect behavior and drive eating is not fully established.
Thirst, which only has one key stimulus - water - still utilizes multiple mechanisms, making food a more complex stimulus.
There are three important and recurring themes in the control of eating: biological controls of appetite, psychological controls of appetite, and central controls (CNS factors) versus peripheral/environmental controls.

Peripheral Factors Affecting Food Intake

Portion size significantly influences the amount of food consumed unconsciously.
Larger packets of food lead to larger serves, and portion sizes have increased in recent years.
The greater the choice of foods available, the more one will typically eat due to sensory specific satiety.
Making food more accessible increases consumption; people eat more if no extra effort is needed to obtain the food.
Time serves as a cue to eating, and meal times are to some extent social constructs.
Meal sizes increase and intermeal intervals decrease across the course of a day in American participants.
Evidence suggests that ambient temperature and temperature regulation affect appetite and food intake.
In long-term studies, the amount of food consumed consistently increases in the fall as winter approaches.
The number of people present when eating is the most powerful peripheral factor promoting food intake.
Social facilitation effects are most pronounced for family members and friends, leading to increased food consumption.
TV viewing can increase food intake via mechanisms similar to social facilitation, especially if the TV show is moderately distracting.
TV viewing can trigger eating via associative learning, and the effects on food intake are most pronounced if the TV show is moderately distracting.

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