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Questions and Answers
What is a primary benefit of fluoride according to the studies?
What is a primary benefit of fluoride according to the studies?
Which condition is most likely to lead to chronic fluoride poisoning?
Which condition is most likely to lead to chronic fluoride poisoning?
Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with fluoride toxicity?
Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with fluoride toxicity?
What contributes to the risk of developing secondary caries?
What contributes to the risk of developing secondary caries?
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Which fluoride source is specifically mentioned for home care?
Which fluoride source is specifically mentioned for home care?
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What is a visible effect of fluorosis on teeth?
What is a visible effect of fluorosis on teeth?
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What was the initial benefit of water fluoridation tested in 1945?
What was the initial benefit of water fluoridation tested in 1945?
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Which chemical is NOT typically used in water fluoridation?
Which chemical is NOT typically used in water fluoridation?
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How does fluoride enhance the resistance of tooth enamel?
How does fluoride enhance the resistance of tooth enamel?
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What is a major disadvantage of water fluoridation?
What is a major disadvantage of water fluoridation?
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Which type of fluoride is most commonly used in dental treatments?
Which type of fluoride is most commonly used in dental treatments?
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What percentage of fluoride is typically absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after consumption?
What percentage of fluoride is typically absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after consumption?
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What is the primary function of topical fluorides?
What is the primary function of topical fluorides?
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What type of fluorides are included in systemic fluorides?
What type of fluorides are included in systemic fluorides?
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Which of the following is NOT an indication for professionally applied fluorides?
Which of the following is NOT an indication for professionally applied fluorides?
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What element in the diet provides higher concentrations of systemic fluorides?
What element in the diet provides higher concentrations of systemic fluorides?
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Which of the following effects is associated with topical fluorides?
Which of the following effects is associated with topical fluorides?
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How are ingested fluorides incorporated into the body?
How are ingested fluorides incorporated into the body?
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What is a significant benefit of fluoride during the life of an individual?
What is a significant benefit of fluoride during the life of an individual?
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What is the typical concentration of fluoride added to public water supplies?
What is the typical concentration of fluoride added to public water supplies?
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What is fluorosis?
What is fluorosis?
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What role did GV Black and Dr. F McKay play in the understanding of fluoride?
What role did GV Black and Dr. F McKay play in the understanding of fluoride?
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Which of the following is a common source of excessive fluoride exposure?
Which of the following is a common source of excessive fluoride exposure?
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Why must the fluoride level in public water supplies be adjusted in warmer climates?
Why must the fluoride level in public water supplies be adjusted in warmer climates?
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What element is fluoride derived from?
What element is fluoride derived from?
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What was one of the initial beliefs about the benefits of fluoride?
What was one of the initial beliefs about the benefits of fluoride?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Fluoride is an ionic compound from fluorine, the most reactive element on the periodic table
- Fluoride is found naturally in rocks, water, soil, and cryolite
- It's essential for humans and animals
- Fluoride is commonly found in drinking water (added at 1 ppm) and toothpaste
- Fluoride is toxic at high concentrations
- It's essential in bone and tooth formation
History of Fluorides
- In the early 1900's, GV Black and Dr. McKay observed "mottled enamel"
- They discovered that people with mottled enamel had less dental decay
- In 1930, the relationship between fluorides and mottled enamel was discovered
- Research revealed that 1 ppm of fluoride reduces dental caries without causing mottling
Sources of Fluorides
- Drinking water
- Toothpaste
- Soda cool drinks
- Some foods
- Dietary supplements
- Unfluoridated bottled water
- Cooked food from Teflon pans
Fluorosis
- Fluorosis is a permanent enamel defect caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth development (first 8 years of life)
- Damage is permanent but can be treated cosmetically
Sources of Excessive Fluoride Exposure
- Public water fluoridation
- Soda cool drinks
- Abnormally high fluoride concentrations in water
- Fluoridated toothpaste and mouth rinses
- Untested bottled water
- Fluoride supplements
Effects of Fluorosis
- White spots
- Chalky appearance
- Mottling: light to dark brown
- Severe fluorosis: cracks, pitting, overall corroded appearance
Water Fluoridation
- Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to public water supplies.
- This is typically done by adding sodium fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or sodium fluorosilicate
- Fluoridated water reduces caries
- Grand Rapids, Michigan (1945) was one of the first cities to add fluoride to its water supply
- Water fluoridation reduced dental caries by 60%
Advantages and Disadvantages of Water Fluoridation
- Advantages: effective, efficient, reliable, inexpensive, equitable way to improve oral health, reduces the cost of dental care
- Disadvantages: no choice for the individual
Types of Fluorides in Dentistry
- Sodium fluoride (most common)
- Stannous fluoride
- Acidulated phosphate fluoride (common)
- Amine fluoride
Mechanism of Action
- Fluoride is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.
- It replaces the hydroxyl molecule in hydroxyapatite, making teeth more resistant to acid attack.
Systemic Fluorides
- Systemic fluorides are ingested and become incorporated into forming tooth structures.
- Examples: naturally occurring food groups, beverages, community drinking water, dietary supplements
Topical Fluorides
- Topical fluorides are directly applied to the teeth and strengthen enamel, making them more decay resistant.
- Topical fluorides remineralize teeth externally.
Effects of Topical Fluorides
- Antibacterial
- Disrupts enzyme systems
- Remineralization of small defects
- Improved quality of enamel
- Inhibits demineralization
Professionally Applied Topical Fluorides
- Gel application
- Varnish application
- Polishing paste
- Polishing procedure
Indications for Professionally Applied Fluorides
- Primary teeth
- Active caries
- Orthodontic appliance wearers
- Compromised salivary flow
- Lack of compliance
- Post-eruptive period
- Secondary caries
- Teeth supporting a denture
- Fixed dental prosthesis
- Exposed root surface
- Low or no fluoride in water
- Early carious lesion
- After periodontal surgery
Home Care
- Toothpaste
- Mouth rinses
Fluoride Toxicity
- Acute fluoride poisoning occurs with a large ingestion of fluoride in a short period of time (rare)
- Chronic fluoride poisoning occurs with long-term exposure to high fluoride levels
- Fluoride overdose symptoms include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and muscle weakness
- Suspected fluoride overdose: administer milk to bind the fluoride
Benefits of Fluoride
- Fluoride promotes tooth mineralization
- Reduces enamel demineralization
- Promotes enamel remineralization
- Reduces dentin sensitivity
- Decreases caries
- Reduces tooth loss due to caries
- Reduces the need for dental restorations
- Improves bone density and periodontal health
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Description
Test your knowledge on fluoride, an essential ionic compound for dental and bone health. This quiz covers its natural sources, historical discoveries related to dental health, and the phenomenon of fluorosis caused by excessive fluoride. Learn about the benefits and risks of fluoride in everyday life.
