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How does fluoride affect the ability of bacteria to adhere to tooth surfaces?
How does fluoride affect the ability of bacteria to adhere to tooth surfaces?
What morphological changes might fluoride influence in developing teeth?
What morphological changes might fluoride influence in developing teeth?
What type of patients are more susceptible to root caries?
What type of patients are more susceptible to root caries?
Which of the following methods describe how fluoride prevents root caries?
Which of the following methods describe how fluoride prevents root caries?
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What characteristic of dentin and cementum makes them more prone to decay?
What characteristic of dentin and cementum makes them more prone to decay?
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What is a potential consequence of gingival recession?
What is a potential consequence of gingival recession?
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What statement best describes the effect of fluoride on enamel?
What statement best describes the effect of fluoride on enamel?
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What is the primary benefit of fluoride in caries prevention?
What is the primary benefit of fluoride in caries prevention?
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During which stage is fluoride absorbed from systemic sources into developing tooth buds?
During which stage is fluoride absorbed from systemic sources into developing tooth buds?
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What happens to the hydroxyapatite in teeth when fluoride is deposited?
What happens to the hydroxyapatite in teeth when fluoride is deposited?
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What is a potential negative effect of excess fluoride during enamel development?
What is a potential negative effect of excess fluoride during enamel development?
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How does fluoride continue to be deposited after the calcification stage?
How does fluoride continue to be deposited after the calcification stage?
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What is the term for the activity of enamel-forming cells affected by excess fluoride?
What is the term for the activity of enamel-forming cells affected by excess fluoride?
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Which of the following stages refers to fluoride absorption that occurs after eruption?
Which of the following stages refers to fluoride absorption that occurs after eruption?
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What does fluoride do to enhance resistance to caries?
What does fluoride do to enhance resistance to caries?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which fluoride prevents caries?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which fluoride prevents caries?
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What type of fluoride is described as absorbed from drinking water after tooth eruption?
What type of fluoride is described as absorbed from drinking water after tooth eruption?
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What triggers the drop in pH during the post-eruptive stage of tooth health?
What triggers the drop in pH during the post-eruptive stage of tooth health?
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What is a primary consequence of demineralization in teeth?
What is a primary consequence of demineralization in teeth?
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What process helps to restore minerals to an already demineralized tooth?
What process helps to restore minerals to an already demineralized tooth?
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What role does saliva play in the remineralization process?
What role does saliva play in the remineralization process?
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What is hydroxyapatite?
What is hydroxyapatite?
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What happens to pH levels when there is an increase in remineralization processes?
What happens to pH levels when there is an increase in remineralization processes?
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Which element is directly involved in the chemical reforming of hydroxyapatite?
Which element is directly involved in the chemical reforming of hydroxyapatite?
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What is one consequence of prolonged low pH in the oral environment?
What is one consequence of prolonged low pH in the oral environment?
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What can be formed during the remineralization process besides hydroxyapatite?
What can be formed during the remineralization process besides hydroxyapatite?
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Which process describes the loss of minerals from the tooth surface?
Which process describes the loss of minerals from the tooth surface?
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What was determined to be the optimal level of fluoride for water fluoridation?
What was determined to be the optimal level of fluoride for water fluoridation?
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What did the Knox Report from 1985 conclude regarding fluoride and cancer?
What did the Knox Report from 1985 conclude regarding fluoride and cancer?
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What percentage increase in children with no decay in deciduous teeth was observed due to fluoridation?
What percentage increase in children with no decay in deciduous teeth was observed due to fluoridation?
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According to the Cochrane Review in 2015, how much does fluoridated water reduce caries in children's permanent teeth?
According to the Cochrane Review in 2015, how much does fluoridated water reduce caries in children's permanent teeth?
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What is the chance of developing fluorosis with fluoridation at a level of 0.7 ppm?
What is the chance of developing fluorosis with fluoridation at a level of 0.7 ppm?
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What significant benefit does water fluoridation provide for deciduous (baby) teeth?
What significant benefit does water fluoridation provide for deciduous (baby) teeth?
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What did the York Report in 2000 find regarding the association of fluoride with bone fractures?
What did the York Report in 2000 find regarding the association of fluoride with bone fractures?
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Approximately what percentage of the UK population currently has fluoride in their water?
Approximately what percentage of the UK population currently has fluoride in their water?
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What is the primary reason fluoride uptake is most effective during the post-eruption stage of teeth?
What is the primary reason fluoride uptake is most effective during the post-eruption stage of teeth?
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How does fluoride help reduce the progression of caries once the process has started?
How does fluoride help reduce the progression of caries once the process has started?
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What structural changes occur in teeth when fluoroapatite forms?
What structural changes occur in teeth when fluoroapatite forms?
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Why is fluoroapatite less soluble compared to other forms of calcium?
Why is fluoroapatite less soluble compared to other forms of calcium?
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What is the role of fluoride during an acid attack on teeth?
What is the role of fluoride during an acid attack on teeth?
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How can regular fluoride supply be maintained for optimal caries prevention?
How can regular fluoride supply be maintained for optimal caries prevention?
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Which topical fluoride source has the highest fluoride level?
Which topical fluoride source has the highest fluoride level?
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What happens to the fluoride absorbed by the demineralized enamel?
What happens to the fluoride absorbed by the demineralized enamel?
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What is the role of saliva in relation to fluoride in caries prevention?
What is the role of saliva in relation to fluoride in caries prevention?
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What is a consequence of using fluoride topically?
What is a consequence of using fluoride topically?
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Study Notes
Fluoride and Tooth Surface
- Fluoride, a compound of fluorine, is crucial in dentistry.
- Normal enamel is primarily made up of hydroxyapatite (96%).
- Hydroxyapatite is a lattice structure made of phosphate and calcium ions (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2).
- The critical pH for hydroxyapatite is 5.5.
- When the pH drops below 5.5, tooth surfaces demineralize, breaking down into component ions (Ca2+, PO43-, and OH-).
- Infrequent acid attacks lead to less demineralization and caries risk.
- Frequent attacks increase demineralization and caries risk.
- Fluoride is absorbed into the tooth surface, making it more resistant to demineralization.
Stages of Fluoride Deposition
- Pre-eruption stage (systemic fluoride): Fluoride is absorbed during tooth development.
- Matrix secretion stage (systemic fluoride): Fluoride is deposited into the tooth during enamel formation as fluoroapatite.
- Post-eruption stage (topical fluoride): Fluoride continues to be absorbed at the enamel surface from the tissue fluid around the tooth. When the pH drops, fluoride ions are released.
Fluoride History
- 1874: Dr Erhardt's research.
- 1892: Sir James Crichton-Browne's studies.
- 1901: Frederick McKay's observation of Colorado Stain on teeth.
- 1902: Sale of fluorine compound.
- 1909: Investigation of Colorado Stain.
- 1912: McKay investigates similar staining in Naples.
- 1916: McKay documents Colorado Stain.
- 1930-1940: Shoe leather/21-cities studies by Dr H Trendley Dean link water fluoride with mottling, and caries reduction. Showed 1ppm fluoride was optimal.
- 1931: Water sampling study by McKay and others on fluoride levels, and water source and mottling.
- 1932: McKay's research on fluoride and caries reduction, determining fluoride can lessen decaying of teeth.
- 1940: Birmingham fluoridation.
- 1945: First experiment on artificial water fluoridation.
- 1955: Artificial water fluoridation trial in the UK.
- 1976: Royal College of Physicians inquiry into water fluoridation.
- 1980: Mrs McColl's opposition to water fluoridation
- 1985: Knox Report - no link found between fluoride and cancer.
- 1995: More information about Colorado Stain
- 2000: York Report - no link found between water fluoridation and bone fractures, or cancer.
- 2015: Cochrane Review - fluoridation reduces caries in children's permanent teeth by 26% and deciduous teeth by 15%.
Fluorosis
- Fluorosis occurs due to excess fluoride ingestion.
- It's characterized by changes in tooth enamel, ranging from white opacities to brown-yellow mottling.
- The severity depends on the absorbed fluoride dose, duration of exposure, and the patient's age.
- Enamel defects are not limited to fluorosis and other causes can occur, including trauma, disease, medications, and genetic factors.
Action of Fluoride
- Fluoride strengthens enamel against demineralization and promotes remineralization by forming fluoroapatite (more resistant to acid than hydroxyapatite).
- Fluoride reduces bacterial action. At high concentration, it can inhibit bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus mutans) and their ability to metabolize sugars.
- Fluoride inhibits bacterial plaque formation and accumulation of bacteria.
- Fluoride reduces the surface energy of the teeth, reducing wettability. This lessens the ability of bacteria to adhere.
Modern Dental Fluoride Applications
- Topical applications of fluoride create a reservoir of fluoride in saliva, which is essential to provide a continuous fluoride supply.
- Fluoride is absorbed and carried into the tooth during remineralization.
- Toothpastes, mouth rinses, restorative materials, fluoride varnishes, and water fluoridation provide regular levels of fluoride, leading to effective caries prevention.
Areas of Application
- Different areas of the tooth (enamel, dentin, cementum) respond differentially to fluoride.
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Description
Explore the vital role of fluoride in dental health, specifically its interaction with tooth enamel. Understand the chemistry of hydroxyapatite, the impact of pH on demineralization, and the stages of fluoride deposition in teeth. This quiz covers essential concepts for students in dental studies.
