Fluids and Electrolytes in Human Body
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range for magnesium levels in the body?

  • 3.5-4.5 mEq/L
  • 7.35-7.45 mEq/L
  • 22-26 mEq/L
  • 1.8-2.6 mEq/L (correct)

    • What are the symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

  • Lethargy, weakness, anorexia, nausea
  • Loss of reflexes, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
  • Chvostek and Trousseau signs, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramping (correct)
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

    • Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypermagnesemia?

  • Chronic alcoholism (correct)
  • End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
  • Magnesium-based laxatives and antacids
  • Chronic diarrhea (correct)
  • Malnutrition (correct)

    • What is the normal pH range for blood?

    <p>7.35-7.45 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the body compensates for respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Increased carbon dioxide exhalation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is MOST likely to cause metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the body compensates for metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Increased bicarbonate excretion by the kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hemoglobin in buffering blood acid?

    <p>Hemoglobin binds to hydrogen ions, reducing their acidity in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is admitted to the ER with a femur fracture. Which of the following is the most likely acid-base disturbance to occur?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes are primarily intracellular cations?

    <p>Potassium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of fluid volume overload?

    <p>Hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration?

    <p>Osmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is diagnosed with hypokalemia. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see?

    <p>Both B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is experiencing hypernatremia. Which of the following is a potential cause of hypernatremia?

    <p>Dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a common cause of fluid and electrolyte imbalance in children?

    <p>Hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these signs of dehydration would be considered a sign of severe dehydration in a child?

    <p>Tachycardia (&gt;160) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method for replacing fluid volume deficits in alert children who can swallow?

    <p>Oral rehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason the elderly are at greater risk for fluid volume deficit compared to younger adults?

    <p>They have a lower percentage of body water normally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of hypocalcemia?

    <p>Prolonged immobilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of fluid resuscitation in children with moderate to severe dehydration?

    <p>Intravenous fluids, treat underlying cause, oral rehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of hyperkalemia?

    <p>Cellular damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes has an inverse relationship with calcium?

    <p>Phosphate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte imbalances can lead to a decrease in the level of consciousness due to an increase in osmotic pressure?

    <p>Hypernatremia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes is primarily an extracellular anion?

    <p>Chloride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

    • Fluids are water with dissolved or suspended substances (e.g., glucose, protein, ions, cells).
    • Electrolytes are mineral salts that dissolve in water and separate into ions (charged particles).
    • Cations are positively charged ions (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium).
    • Anions are negatively charged ions (e.g., chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate).
    • Fluid distribution:
      • Intracellular fluid (65%): fluid inside the cells.
      • Extracellular fluid (35%): fluid outside the cells.
        • Interstitial fluid (25%): fluid between the cells.
        • Intravascular fluid (8%): fluid within blood vessels.
        • Transcellular fluid (2%): fluid in specialized spaces (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid).
    • Homeostasis:
      • Ions move by diffusion (high to low concentration), active transport (low to high using ATP), and osmosis.
      • Water moves by osmosis (low to high concentration), filtration (high to low pressure), and colloid pulls (proteins in blood).
    • Intake and output:
      • Intake includes drinking fluids, eating foods, and medications.
      • Output includes urine, feces, insensible water loss (lungs, skin), and vomiting/diarrhea.
      • Factors influencing intake and output include thirst, blood volume, and osmolality.
    • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS):
      • RAAS regulates blood volume and pressure.
      • Renin is released by the kidneys, triggering a cascade of events.
      • Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure.
      • Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption, increasing blood volume.
      • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water retention.
    • Fluid balance in children:
      • Infants and children are at higher risk of dehydration.
      • Compensatory mechanisms are less developed.
      • Fluid losses occur more rapidly.
      • Insensible water loss increases with a fever.
      • Children need a higher intake of fluids than adults, per weight.
    • S/S of dehydration in children:
      • Mild: normal appearance, thirst, decreased urine output.
      • Moderate: tacky mucosa, decreased tears, slightly sunken orbits.
      • Severe: dry cracked mucosa, absent tears, decreased urine output, sunken orbits, intense thirst, poor turgor (tenting skin), tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension.
    • Fluid resuscitation in children:
      • Oral rehydration is preferred for alert children.
      • Parenteral routes used for moderate to severe dehydration.
      • 20 mL/kg fluid boluses may be administered.
      • Use infusion pumps for accurate fluid calculations.
    • Fluid balance in the elderly:
      • Elderly individuals have decreased body water.
      • Decreased thirst mechanism.
      • Difficulty obtaining fluids.
      • Medications may increase fluid excretion.
    • Electrolytes:
      • Includes sodium (135-145 mEq/L, primary extracellular cation), potassium (3.5-5 mEq/L, primary intracellular cation), calcium (8.4-10.5 mg/dL), magnesium (1.5-2.5 mEq/L), chloride (95-105 mEq/L, primary extracellular anion), bicarbonate (22-26 mEq/L), and phosphate (2.7-4.5 mg/dL).
      • Variations can result in hyponatremia (<136 mEq/L), hypernatremia (>145 mEq/L).
    • Causes of hyponatremia: water overload.
    • Causes of hypernatremia: insufficient water.
    • Causes of hypokalemia (<3.5 mEq/L): GI loss, insulin excess, diuretics.
    • Causes of hyperkalemia (>5 mEq/L): kidney failure, lack of insulin, diuretics.
    • Causes of hypocalcemia (<9 mg/dL): nutrition deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, kidney failure, alkalosis.
    • Causes of hypercalcemia (>10.5 mg/dL): prolonged immobilization, tumor, hyperparathyroidism, and thiazide diuretics.
    • Causes of hypophosphatemia (<3 mg/dL): malnutrition, hyperparathyroidism, diuretics, excessive antacid.
    • Causes of hyperphosphatemia (>4.5 mg/dL): kidney failure, hypocalcemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
    • Normal ranges of magnesium (1.8-2.6 mEq/L). Low magnesium causes muscle issues.
    • Different types of acid-base imbalances, classifications, and causes of acidosis and alkalosis (metabolic and respiratory). (pH, CO2, HCO3 levels)
    • Understanding normal values for pH, CO2, and HCO3, respiratory, and metabolic causes for imbalances.
    • Examples of patients with different acid-base disorders and their ABG results. (Practice questions)

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    Related Documents

    IB Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance in the human body. Students will explore the types of fluids, the role of cations and anions, fluid distribution, and how homeostasis is maintained. Test your knowledge and understanding of these vital topics!

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