Fluid Mechanics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a manometer?

To measure fluid velocity

To measure fluid density

To measure atmospheric pressure

To measure pressure differences (correct)

What is the mathematical representation of the force exerted by a fluid?

F = ρAv^2 (correct)

F = ρAv^3

F = ρAv^4

F = ρAv

What is the name of the device used to calculate fluid speed based on static and stagnation pressure?

Pitot-Static tube (correct)

Barometer

Manometer

Pitot tube

What is the flow regime characterized by a Reynolds number between 2300 and 4000?

Transitional flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a fluid?

A substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear stress no matter how small the shear stress may be. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the law that states the pressure at a point in a fluid is independent of direction?

Pascal's Law Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of major loss in a pipe system?

Head loss due to viscous effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle of Newtonian fluids?

The shearing stress is linearly related to the rate of shearing strain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the resultant force in the direction of the upstream velocity?

Drag force Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the experimental observation that a fluid 'sticks' to solid boundaries?

No-slip condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the equation that relates the pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid?

Bernoulli's Equation Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of flow characterized by smooth layers of fluid particles?

Laminar flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of the velocity of a fluid to the velocity of sound in that fluid?

Mach number Signup and view all the answers

What is the reciprocal of the density of a fluid?

Specific volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the force exerted by a column of liquid?

Hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a negative gage pressure?

Suction or vacuum pressure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid: a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear stress, no matter how small the shear stress may be.
Deals with the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion.
Basic laws:
- Conservation of mass
- Newton's second law of motion
- Principle of angular momentum
- First law of thermodynamics
- Second law of thermodynamics

Types of Fluids

Newtonian Fluids: fluids whose shearing stress is linearly related to the rate of shearing strain (common fluids).
Non-Newtonian Fluids: fluids whose shearing stress is not linearly related to the rate of shearing strain.
Compressible Fluids: fluids in which variations in density are negligible.
Incompressible Fluids: fluids in which variations in density are not negligible.
No-slip condition: fluid "sticks" to solid boundaries.

Types of Flow

Laminar Flow: fluid particles move in smooth layers.
Turbulent Flow: fluid particles rapidly mix as they move along due to random three-dimensional velocity fluctuations.
Inviscid Flow: frictionless flow.
Viscous Flow: flow affected by friction.
Internal Flow: flow completely bounded by solid surfaces.
External Flow: flow over bodies submerged in an unbounded fluid.

Fluid Compressibility

Mach Number: ratio of the velocity of a fluid to the velocity of sound in that fluid.

Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight

Specific volume (𝜈): volume per unit mass and is therefore the reciprocal of the density.
Specific weight: weight per unit volume.
Specific gravity: ratio of the density of the fluid to the density of water at some specified temperature.

Fluid Statics

Hydrostatic Pressure: pressure exerted by a column of liquid.
Buoyancy Force: resultant force acting on a submerged body.
Suction or Vacuum Pressure: negative gage pressure.

Pressure Measurements

Measurement of atmospheric pressure is usually accomplished with a mercury barometer.
Manometry: standard technique for measuring pressure involves the use of liquid columns in vertical or inclined tubes.
Manometers: devices based on this technique.
- Piezometer Tube
- U-Tube Manometer
- Inclined-Tube Manometer

Archimedes' Principle and Pascal's Law

Archimedes' Principle: resultant fluid force acting on a body is called the buoyant force.
Pascal's Law: pressure at a point in a fluid at rest, or in motion, is independent of direction as long as there are no shearing stresses present.

Fluid Dynamics

Bernoulli Equation: relates pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid.
- Pressure Head
- Velocity Head
- Elevation Head

Fluid Dynamics Measurements

Pitot-Static tube: device used to calculate the fluid speed based on static and stagnation pressure.

Fluid Dynamics Applications

Free Jet velocity
Confined flow-Volume flowrate (e.g., pipes)
Mass flowrate
Force exerted by Fluid: 𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣2
Pipe Cross-section Area

General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Reynolds number: ratio of a fluid's inertial forces to its viscous forces.
- Re < 2300: laminar flow
- Re > 4000: turbulent flow
- Re between 2300 and 4000: transitional flow

Losses

Major Loss: overall head loss for the pipe system due to viscous effects in the straight pipes.
Minor Loss: head loss in the various pipe components.
K is the loss coefficient.
Drag Force: resultant force in the direction of the upstream velocity.
Lift Force: resultant force normal to the upstream velocity.

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Description

Test your knowledge of fluid mechanics, covering topics such as fluid behavior, laws, and principles. Learn about Newtonian fluids, conservation of mass, and thermodynamics.