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Questions and Answers
An ______ process undergoes constant pressure.
An ______ process undergoes constant pressure.
isobaric
The law of conservation of ______ states that mass is indestructible.
The law of conservation of ______ states that mass is indestructible.
mass
In a ______ flow, fluid velocity at every point is parallel to a fixed plane.
In a ______ flow, fluid velocity at every point is parallel to a fixed plane.
two-dimensional
A ______ is a thermodynamic system that acts as a heat source or heat sink.
A ______ is a thermodynamic system that acts as a heat source or heat sink.
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A ______ engine operates continuously with energy crossing its boundaries.
A ______ engine operates continuously with energy crossing its boundaries.
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A steady-flow system is an open system with no change of stored ______.
A steady-flow system is an open system with no change of stored ______.
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An adiabatic surface is one that is impervious to ______.
An adiabatic surface is one that is impervious to ______.
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In a one-dimensional flow, properties like velocity and pressure vary only along ______ dimension.
In a one-dimensional flow, properties like velocity and pressure vary only along ______ dimension.
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A ______ process can occur within a system enveloped by an adiabatic surface.
A ______ process can occur within a system enveloped by an adiabatic surface.
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A cycle refers to a mass of fluid passing through a series of processes and returning to its ______ state.
A cycle refers to a mass of fluid passing through a series of processes and returning to its ______ state.
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A ______ is a substance that exists as a continuum characterized by low resistance to flow.
A ______ is a substance that exists as a continuum characterized by low resistance to flow.
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A ______ substance is homogenous in composition and variable in chemical aggregation.
A ______ substance is homogenous in composition and variable in chemical aggregation.
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In a ______ system, there is no exchange of matter with the surroundings.
In a ______ system, there is no exchange of matter with the surroundings.
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An ______ system allows for a flow of mass across its boundaries.
An ______ system allows for a flow of mass across its boundaries.
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The difference between ______ properties and extensive properties is that intensive properties are independent of mass.
The difference between ______ properties and extensive properties is that intensive properties are independent of mass.
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Pressure of a gas is caused by the ______ of numerous gas molecules on a surface.
Pressure of a gas is caused by the ______ of numerous gas molecules on a surface.
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______ pressure refers to the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure.
______ pressure refers to the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure.
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The ______ effect refers to the electromotive force being a function of the temperature difference between junctions.
The ______ effect refers to the electromotive force being a function of the temperature difference between junctions.
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The ______ law states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
The ______ law states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
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The ______-Boltzmann law describes the relationship between the total energy radiated by a black body and its temperature.
The ______-Boltzmann law describes the relationship between the total energy radiated by a black body and its temperature.
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Study Notes
Fluids and Substances
- A fluid is a substance that flows and takes the shape of its container.
- A substance is composed of molecules.
- A pure substance is homogenous in composition and chemical aggregation.
- A simple substance has two independently variable intensive thermodynamic properties defining its state.
Types of Systems
- A closed system does not exchange matter with its surroundings.
- An open system allows mass transfer.
- An isolated system does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
Properties of Systems
- Macroscopic Properties: Pressure, temperature, density, and specific volume.
- Intensive Properties: Independent of the mass of the system (e.g., temperature, pressure, density, voltage).
- Extensive Properties: Dependent on the mass of the system (e.g., total volume, total internal energy).
- Specific Properties: Properties per unit mass (e.g., specific volume).
- Mass: The amount of matter in an object.
- Weight: The force of gravity acting on an object.
- Pressure: Caused from gas molecules hitting a surface (kinetic theory of gases).
Pressure Measurement
- Atmospheric Pressure: Standard pressure is 760 mm Hg, 29.92 in Hg, 14.696 psia (or 14.7), 1 atm.
- Gauge Pressure: Pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
- Absolute Pressure: Atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure.
- Barometers: Used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Measuring Temperature
- Methods for measuring temperature are mentioned, including changes in electrical resistivity, voltage, and potential.
Thermal Equilibrium and Processes
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- Isobaric Process: Constant pressure process.
- Isometric Process: Constant volume process.
- Thermodynamic Cycle: A series of processes where a system returns to its initial state.
- Conservation of Mass: Mass is indestructible (except nuclear processes).
Fluid Flow
- Two-Dimensional Flow: Fluid velocity is parallel to a fixed plane.
- One-Dimensional Flow: Properties are only along one dimension.
Heat Reservoirs
- A heat reservoir is a thermodynamic system that is stable, homogenous in temperature, composition, and pressure.
Heat Engines
- A heat engine is a thermodynamic system that converts heat into work (continuous operation).
- A steady-flow system does not have a change in stored mass.
- Adiabatic Surface/Process: A process or surface that is impervious to heat.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of fluids and substances, including their definitions and classifications. Learn about types of systems and their properties, both macroscopic and intensive. This quiz covers fundamental principles crucial for understanding fluid mechanics.
