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Questions and Answers
What are the factors that affect fluid flow?
What are the factors that affect fluid flow?
- Only the characteristics of the fluid
- Only the speed of flow and the shape of the solid surface
- The characteristics of the fluid, speed of flow, and shape of the solid surface (correct)
- Only the shape of the solid surface
What is the main reason for the transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
What is the main reason for the transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
- Change in fluid temperature
- Increase in fluid viscosity
- Increase in fluid velocity
- Differences in pressure and density between successive layers of fluid (correct)
What is viscosity a measure of?
What is viscosity a measure of?
- The fluid's resistance to compression
- The fluid's ability to change shape
- The fluid's resistance to flow (correct)
- The fluid's ability to change temperature
What happens to the viscosity of a liquid as its temperature decreases?
What happens to the viscosity of a liquid as its temperature decreases?
What is the assumption in describing fluid motion based on the continuity equation?
What is the assumption in describing fluid motion based on the continuity equation?
What is constant in a narrowing pipe according to the continuity equation?
What is constant in a narrowing pipe according to the continuity equation?
What remains constant when the fluid flows through a narrowing pipe?
What remains constant when the fluid flows through a narrowing pipe?
What is the relationship between the speed of a fluid and its pressure according to Bernoulli's principle?
What is the relationship between the speed of a fluid and its pressure according to Bernoulli's principle?
Why does the fluid flow faster when it passes through a narrower pipe?
Why does the fluid flow faster when it passes through a narrower pipe?
What is the application of Bernoulli's principle in aircraft and helicopters?
What is the application of Bernoulli's principle in aircraft and helicopters?
What happens to the pressure of the fluid when its velocity increases?
What happens to the pressure of the fluid when its velocity increases?
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Study Notes
Fluid Flow Factors
- Fluid flow depends on the characteristics of the fluid, including viscosity and compressibility, as well as the speed of flow and the shape of the solid surface.
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
- Laminar flow becomes turbulent when differences in velocity between successive layers of fluid create variations in pressure and density.
Viscosity
- Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and is caused by internal friction from the fluid's molecules moving against each other.
- Hot liquids have lower viscosities than cold liquids, and therefore flow faster.
- As temperature decreases, liquid molecules interact more, increasing viscosity.
Fluid Motion Assumptions
- Assumptions for describing fluid motion include: incompressible (density does not change), laminar flow (flows perfectly smooth), and no viscosity.
Continuity Equation
- The mass of fluid passing through any given area of the pipe does not change over time – mass flow rate is constant.
- Continuity equation: mass flow rate and fluid velocity are related.
Bernoulli's Principle
- Bernoulli's principle states that the pressure of a fluid decreases as the speed of the fluid increases.
- High-speed flow is associated with low pressure, and low-speed flow is associated with high pressure.
- Bernoulli's principle allows wings to produce lift and planes and helicopters to fly.
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