Questions and Answers
What is insensible loss?
What % of body fluid is ICF and where is ICF found?
2/3 of body weight-fluid inside of cells
What is ECF?
1/3 of body weight-fluid outside of cells
What are the 3 components of the ECF?
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What is the interstitial space?
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How does adipose tissue and fat relate to a person's water quantity?
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What areas in the body have the highest amount of water?
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What is the intravascular compartment?
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What is the transcellular compartment?
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What does the blood volume represent?
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What is the electrolyte unit of measurement?
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What are 3 ways we intake water?
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What is Cl- 'married' to---following each other?
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What two electrolytes use mg/dL?
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In acid-base balance are we talking about arterial or venous side?
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In fluid and electrolyte shifts are we talking about arterial or venous side?
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What is the number one indicator for whether or not the patient has adequate fluid balance and they are shifting their fluids properly?
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What is osmosis?
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What is osmotic pressure?
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What is osmolarity?
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What do hypertonic solutions have in them?
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What do hypertonic solutions do to the cell?
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Why would you want to shrink a cell using hypertonic solutions?
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What are some hypertonic IV solution examples?
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What is isotonic solutions used for?
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What does isotonic solutions do to the fluid compartments?
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What are some isotonic IV solution examples?
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Why would you want to fatten a cell using hypotonic IV solutions?
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What does the hypotonic IV solutions do?
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What is an example of a hypotonic IV solution?
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What do you need to be cautious of when giving hypotonic IV solution?
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What are colloids used for?
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What is meant by the semi-permeable membrane being 'leaky'?
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Why doesn't a diuretic work on a leaky semi-permeable membrane?
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What is an example of a colloid?
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What does it mean when you see a patient who has low albumin and protein levels?
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What is diffusion?
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What is an example of diffusion?
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What should the GFR be at?
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What does creatinine indicate?
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What does BUN indicate?
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What does a high BUN & creatinine indicate?
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What is filtration?
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What is the active transport?
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What is the primary electrolyte in the ICF?
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What are the primary electrolytes in the ECF?
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What are patients at risk for when on hypertonic IV's?
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What is D5W?
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What is D10W?
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What is 1/2 NS (0.45% NS)?
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What is NS 0.9%?
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What is NS 3%-5%?
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What is D5W in 0.9%NS?
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What is D5W in 0.45%NS?
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What is lactated ringers?
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What is D5W in lactated ringers?
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What is the normal level of BUN?
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What is the normal level for creatinine?
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Study Notes
Fluid & Electrolytes Overview
- Insensible Loss: Refers to fluid loss through perspiration and sweat, not easily measured.
Body Fluid Composition
- ICF (Intracellular Fluid): Comprises 2/3 of body fluid, found within cells; major site of potassium (K+).
- ECF (Extracellular Fluid): Accounts for 1/3 of body fluid, located outside of cells; includes interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular compartments.
ECF Components
- Interstitial Fluid: Fluid between cells and outside blood vessels, contains lymph.
- Intravascular Compartment: Blood plasma within the veins, essential for circulatory function.
- Transcellular Compartment: Encloses fluids like cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sweat, and synovial fluid.
Factors Influencing Body Water
- Adipose Tissue Impact: Higher fat content leads to lower water volume as fat takes up space.
- Water-Rich Areas: Muscle, skin, and blood are primary areas containing substantial amounts of water.
Fluid Balance Indicators
- Urine Output: The primary indicator for assessing fluid balance and proper fluid shifting.
Osmosis and Related Concepts
- Osmosis: Fluid movement from lesser to greater solute concentration, aiming for equilibrium.
- Osmotic Pressure: The force that draws water towards high solute concentration; relevant in conditions like increased intracranial pressure.
- Osmolarity: Measures the concentration of solutes relative to water in a solution.
Solution Types and Effects
- Hypertonic Solutions: Contain more solutes, causing cells to shrink as fluid moves from ICF to ECF for hydration. Examples include D10W and D5W in 0.9% NS.
- Isotonic Solutions: Maintain fluid shift without changing cell size; expand ECF. Examples are Lactated Ringer's and NS 0.9%.
- Hypotonic Solutions: Shift fluid into cells when ECF solute concentration is too low. An example is 0.45% NS.
Other Key Concepts
- Colloids: Used to shift fluid back to intravascular space, effective in treating third-spacing.
- Leaky Membranes: Indicates pathology where proteins and fluid escape to interstitial space, leading to complications with diuretics.
Diffusion and Filtration
- Diffusion: Movement of solutes from high to low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs.
- Filtration: Process of moving water and solutes from higher to lower pressure regions.
Electrolyte Management
- Primary Electrolytes: K+ is predominant in ICF; Na+ and Cl- dominate ECF.
- Measurement: Electrolyte levels are measured in mEq, while calcium (Ca++) and phosphate (PO4-) are in mg/dL.
Renal Function and Fluid Balance Indicators
- GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate): Normal value should be greater than 60, indicates kidney filtering capacity.
- Creatinine & BUN Levels: High levels indicate kidney dysfunction (creatinine) or dehydration (BUN), with normal ranges being 0.5-1.5 for creatinine and 10-20 for BUN.
Caution with IV Solutions
- Risk of Overload: Hypertonic IV solutions can lead to volume overload if not monitored carefully, necessitating vigilance in patient management.
IV Solution Classifications
- D5W: Isotonic
- D10W, NS 3%-5%: Hypertonic
- 0.45% NS (1/2 NS): Hypotonic
- Lactated Ringer's: Isotonic
Understanding fluid and electrolyte dynamics is crucial for effective patient care and managing various conditions related to hydration and electrolyte imbalances.
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Test your knowledge on fluid and electrolyte concepts with these flashcards. This quiz covers definitions and components related to intracellular and extracellular fluids, their locations, and the body's fluid balance. Perfect for nursing or health science students.