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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What percentage of your body composition is fluid?
What percentage of your body composition is fluid?
- 60% (correct)
- 45%
- 50%
- 75%
Which type of fluid accounts for the majority of body fluid, being about two-thirds of total body fluid?
Which type of fluid accounts for the majority of body fluid, being about two-thirds of total body fluid?
- Intracellular fluid (correct)
- Transcellular fluid
- Extracellular fluid
- Interstitial fluid
What is the pH range that indicates normal acid-base balance in body fluids?
What is the pH range that indicates normal acid-base balance in body fluids?
- 7.00-7.30
- 6.80-7.20
- 7.35-7.45 (correct)
- 7.50-8.00
Which of the following ions is classified as a cation?
Which of the following ions is classified as a cation?
Which mechanism does the body use to maintain acid-base balance?
Which mechanism does the body use to maintain acid-base balance?
Which of the following is a common cause of hypovolemia?
Which of the following is a common cause of hypovolemia?
What is one of the primary signs of hypovolemia?
What is one of the primary signs of hypovolemia?
When treating severe hypovolemia, which type of fluid replacement is preferred?
When treating severe hypovolemia, which type of fluid replacement is preferred?
What laboratory finding is typically associated with hypovolemia?
What laboratory finding is typically associated with hypovolemia?
What nursing intervention is important for preventing hypovolemia in a patient with diarrhea?
What nursing intervention is important for preventing hypovolemia in a patient with diarrhea?
Which of the following is NOT associated with hypovolemia?
Which of the following is NOT associated with hypovolemia?
What is the role of isotonic fluids in correcting hypovolemia?
What is the role of isotonic fluids in correcting hypovolemia?
Which condition is characterized by the retention of water and sodium, leading to hypervolemia?
Which condition is characterized by the retention of water and sodium, leading to hypervolemia?
What is the most severe form of pain experienced in burn victims?
What is the most severe form of pain experienced in burn victims?
Which medication is commonly used intravenously during the emergent phase of burn care?
Which medication is commonly used intravenously during the emergent phase of burn care?
What is the primary immunologic mechanism involved in allergic reactions?
What is the primary immunologic mechanism involved in allergic reactions?
Which method of wound debridement involves removing necrotic tissue using instruments?
Which method of wound debridement involves removing necrotic tissue using instruments?
What common food allergen is known to trigger anaphylaxis?
What common food allergen is known to trigger anaphylaxis?
What are two common manifestations of moderate allergic reactions?
What are two common manifestations of moderate allergic reactions?
What serious condition can occur as a result of severe allergic reactions?
What serious condition can occur as a result of severe allergic reactions?
Which of the following best describes the role of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in burn care?
Which of the following best describes the role of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in burn care?
Which of the following is an early manifestation of alkalosis?
Which of the following is an early manifestation of alkalosis?
What lab result is indicative of hypocalcemia?
What lab result is indicative of hypocalcemia?
In treating life-threatening hypocalcemia, which of the following is administered?
In treating life-threatening hypocalcemia, which of the following is administered?
Which sign might indicate hypocalcemia or alkalosis during a physical examination?
Which sign might indicate hypocalcemia or alkalosis during a physical examination?
What is a critical nursing intervention for a patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate?
What is a critical nursing intervention for a patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate?
Which of the following foods should a patient with hypocalcemia incorporate into their diet?
Which of the following foods should a patient with hypocalcemia incorporate into their diet?
What is a potential risk factor for developing hypomagnesemia?
What is a potential risk factor for developing hypomagnesemia?
What is the primary method of treatment for a patient experiencing anaphylaxis?
What is the primary method of treatment for a patient experiencing anaphylaxis?
Which of the following ECG changes might be seen in a patient with hypomagnesemia?
Which of the following ECG changes might be seen in a patient with hypomagnesemia?
Which statement about patients predisposed to anaphylaxis is true?
Which statement about patients predisposed to anaphylaxis is true?
What does the medical management of anaphylaxis depend on?
What does the medical management of anaphylaxis depend on?
Which of the following substances is not used as adjunct therapy for anaphylaxis?
Which of the following substances is not used as adjunct therapy for anaphylaxis?
What must be monitored after administering epinephrine for anaphylaxis?
What must be monitored after administering epinephrine for anaphylaxis?
Which symptoms are characteristic of anaphylactic reactions?
Which symptoms are characteristic of anaphylactic reactions?
When assessing a patient for an allergic response, which vital sign is crucial to monitor?
When assessing a patient for an allergic response, which vital sign is crucial to monitor?
What is a common requirement for patients who are allergic to insulin?
What is a common requirement for patients who are allergic to insulin?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for life and overall homeostasis.
- The human body is approximately 60% fluid, varying by age, body fat, and gender.
- Intracellular fluid comprises two-thirds of body fluid, mainly found in skeletal muscle mass.
- Extracellular fluid includes:
- Intravascular fluid (plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes).
- Interstitial fluid (surrounds cells, includes lymph).
- Transcellular fluid (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid).
Electrolytes
- Electrolytes are charged ions essential for cellular function.
- Major cations include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen ions.
- Key anions include chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate.
- The sodium-potassium pump is vital for maintaining ion concentration gradients.
Acid-Base Imbalances
- Acid-base balance manages hydrogen ion concentration in the body.
- pH should be between 7.35 and 7.45; CO2 levels range from 35-45 mmHg, while HCO3 levels are 21-28 mEq/L.
- Acidosis occurs with conditions like diarrhea; alkalosis with vomiting.
- The body uses chemical, respiratory, and renal mechanisms to maintain this balance.
Hypovolemia
- Hypovolemia is the decrease of bodily fluids, often due to vomiting, diarrhea, or reduced intake.
- Symptoms include acute weight loss, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, concentrated urine, low blood pressure, confusion, and muscle cramps.
- Laboratory findings reveal high hemoglobin and hematocrit, elevated serum and urine osmolality, and decreased urine sodium.
- Management involves oral rehydration for mild cases and IV fluids for severe cases, often starting with isotonic solutions.
Hypervolemia
- Hypervolemia refers to fluid volume excess due to abnormal retention of water and sodium.
- Symptoms include paresthesia, muscle twitches, seizures, and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes.
- Calcium levels below 9 mg indicate potential hypocalcemia, while significant ECG changes may occur.
- Management comprises calcium supplementation and dietary adjustments emphasizing calcium-rich foods.
Hypomagnesemia
- Hypomagnesemia is defined by blood magnesium levels under 1.3 mg/dL.
- Contributing factors include gastrointestinal diseases, malnutrition, and certain medications.
- Symptoms involve dysrhythmias, tetany, and seizures, along with decreased bowel sounds.
- Treatment focuses on magnesium supplementation and dietary intake of magnesium-rich foods.
Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis
- Allergic reactions stem from hypersensitive immune responses to allergens, often mediated by IgE antibodies.
- Anaphylaxis results from immediate hypersensitivity and can be life-threatening, involving systemic reactions across various organ systems.
- Common allergens include certain foods, medications, insect stings, and latex.
- Mild symptoms may include tingling and nasal congestion, while severe reactions may lead to hypotension and respiratory distress.
- Prevention involves strict avoidance of known triggers, and management includes administration of epinephrine and supportive care.
Medical and Nursing Management
- In cases of anaphylaxis:
- Immediate assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation is critical.
- Epinephrine is the primary treatment, with adjunct therapies including antihistamines and IV fluids.
- Patients should be educated about their allergies and emergency treatments.
- Continuous monitoring and follow-up are essential due to potential rebound reactions after an anaphylactic response.
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