Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate percentage of body weight that is water for a healthy adult female?

  • 80%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 60%
  • 40%

Which factor contributes to the lower total body water content in obese individuals compared to lean individuals?

  • Higher muscle mass
  • Lower muscle mass
  • Higher fat content (correct)
  • Lower fat content

What is the approximate volume of intracellular fluid in a healthy, non-obese 70-kg male?

  • 3 L
  • 12 L
  • 40 L
  • 25 L (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences total body water volume?

<p>Blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the body's fluid compartments is TRUE?

<p>Plasma is a component of extracellular fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of water intoxication?

<p>Intake of too much water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of electrolytes?

<p>They are organic compounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key bodily mechanism involved in restoring normal extracellular fluid (ECF) volume?

<p>Aldosterone mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to the formation of pitting edema?

<p>High interstitial fluid volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the electrolyte sodium (Na+) in the body?

<p>Regulating fluid volume and pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the feeling of thirst in the body?

<p>Decrease in extracellular fluid volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of intracellular fluid (ICF)?

<p>Serve as a solvent for intracellular chemical reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released to help retain water when extracellular fluid volume is low?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid compartment is the largest in the human body?

<p>Intracellular fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main causes of dehydration?

<p>Fluid output exceeding intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of fluid output?

<p>Metabolic water from cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do blood plasma proteins play in fluid balance?

<p>They contribute to osmotic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of aldosterone?

<p>Low extracellular fluid volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood sodium level that indicates hypernatremia?

<p>Blood sodium more than 145 mEq/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyponatremia?

<p>Dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical signs are indicative of hyperkalemia?

<p>Skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by blood potassium levels less than 3.5 mEq/L?

<p>Hypokalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with both hypernatremia and hyponatremia?

<p>Seizures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What blood calcium level defines hypercalcemia?

<p>Blood calcium levels greater than 10.5 mg/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following causes hypocalcemia?

<p>Decreased absorption or availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with hypercalcemia?

<p>Cramping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Body water variation

The amount of water in the body is not fixed and can change based on factors such as body weight, fat content, gender and age.

Water in the body: Most abundant

Water makes up the largest portion of the body's composition.

Body Fluid Compartments: Plasma, Interstitial, Intracellular

The body's fluid is divided into three main compartments: plasma, interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid. Plasma is the fluid component of blood. Interstitial fluid surrounds cells. Intracellular fluid is the fluid within cells.

Body water percentage: Age, Gender, and Fat Content

The water content in the body varies with age, gender, and fat content. Newborns have the highest water content (80%), followed by adult males (60%) and then adult females (50%).

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Average body water volume: 70kg Male

The average body water volume is about 40 liters in a 70-kilogram male.

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Overhydration

A condition where the total volume of body fluids is larger than normal, due to fluid intake exceeding output.

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Water intoxication

Severe overhydration leading to a potentially life-threatening neurological impairment caused by an electrolyte imbalance.

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Electrolytes

Compounds that break down into charged particles called ions when placed in water.

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Pitting edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial fluid (IF) compartment, characterized by depressions in the skin that slowly refill after pressure is released.

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Cations

The positively charged particles of an electrolyte.

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Plasma

The liquid portion of whole blood, containing water, electrolytes, proteins, and other substances.

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Interstitial Fluid (IF)

Fluid that surrounds cells, providing a medium for exchange of nutrients and waste.

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Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

The largest fluid compartment in the body, located inside cells and essential for chemical reactions.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland when ECF volume is low, promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys.

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Aldosterone

Hormone released by the adrenal cortex, increasing sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys, leading to increased ECF volume.

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Dehydration

A state where total body fluid volume is less than normal, typically due to excessive fluid loss or insufficient intake.

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Capillary Blood Pressure and Fluid Shift

An increase in capillary blood pressure forces fluid from blood into the interstitial fluid, creating a fluid shift.

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Blood Plasma Protein Concentration and Osmotic Pressure

Blood proteins contribute to osmotic pressure, attracting water and keeping it within the plasma.

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What is an electrolyte imbalance?

An electrolyte imbalance occurs when the level or normal chemical activity of a specific electrolyte in any body fluid is disrupted. This can be related to electrolyte intake, output, absorption, distribution, and availability for use by body cells.

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What is Hypernatremia?

Hypernatremia is a condition where blood sodium levels are above 145 mEq/L. It is characterized by a relative lack of water compared to salt in the extracellular fluid (ECF).

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What is Hyponatremia?

Hyponatremia is a condition where blood sodium levels are below 136 mEq/L. It occurs when there is relatively too much water in the ECF for the amount of sodium present.

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What is Hyperkalemia?

Hyperkalemia is a condition where blood potassium levels are above 5.1 mEq/L. It can be caused by increased potassium intake, shifts of potassium from intracellular fluid to blood, or renal failure.

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What is Hypokalemia?

Hypokalemia is a condition where blood potassium levels are below 3.5 mEq/L. It can be caused by fasting, low potassium diets, laxative abuse, diarrhea, vomiting, or gastric suction.

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What is Hypercalcemia?

Hypercalcemia is a condition where blood calcium levels are above 10.5 mg/dL. It can be caused by excessive calcium intake, increased absorption, shifts of calcium from bone to ECF, Paget disease, bone tumors, or hyperparathyroidism.

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What is Hypocalcemia?

Hypocalcemia is a condition where blood calcium levels are below 8.4 mg/dL. It can be caused by dietary deficiency, decreased absorption, increased excretion, pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, or renal insufficiency.

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Study Notes

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

  • Fluid balance is crucial for bodily functions
  • Body fluid volumes vary based on age, gender, and body weight
  • A healthy, non-obese 70-kg male averages 40L of body fluid
  • Plasma (3 L), interstitial fluid (12 L), and intracellular fluid (25 L) are the major compartments
  • Newborn infants have 80% water content, adult males 60%, and adult females 50%
  • Total body water is affected by factors such as body weight, fat content, and age
  • Fluid intake comes from ingested liquids, water in food, and metabolic water
  • Fluid output occurs via water vapor, sweating, urine, and feces
  • The kidneys, lungs, skin, and intestines are crucial organs in fluid output regulation
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone regulate fluid balance through adjusting kidney filtration
  • Increased capillary blood pressure pushes fluid into interstitial fluid
  • Blood plasma proteins draw water into the plasma
  • Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds intake, initially in interstitial space, then affecting ICF and plasma volume
  • Overhydration occurs when fluid intake exceeds output, increasing ECF volume and potentially burdening the heart

Electrolytes

  • Electrolytes are substances that dissociate in water, forming charged particles called ions
  • Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate in water
  • Important electrolytes include sodium, potassium, calcium
  • Imbalances in electrolyte levels can have significant health consequences

Examples of Electrolyte Imbalances

  • Hypernatremia: Blood sodium above 145 mEq/L due to factors like salt overuse, dehydration, and prolonged diarrhea
  • Hyponatremia: Blood sodium below 136 mEq/L, potentially from excessive ADH release, massive IV infusions, and severe burns
  • Hyperkalemia: Blood potassium above 5.1 mEq/L due to increased intake, shifts in ICF to blood, and/or renal failure
  • Hypokalemia: Blood potassium below 3.5 mEq/L due to inadequate intake and/or certain diuretic use
  • Hypercalcemia : Blood calcium over 10.5 mg/dL, linked to excessive intake, absorption, bone shifts, hyperparathyroidism, and Paget's disease
  • Hypocalcemia: Blood calcium under 8.4 mg/dL, caused by dietary deficiencies, reduced absorption, increased excretion, and disorders like pancreatitis
  • Pitting edema is swelling caused by high interstitial fluid volume

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Chapter 21 Fluid & Electrolyte Balance PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. This quiz covers essential concepts such as fluid compartments, regulation mechanisms, and the role of various organs in maintaining homeostasis. Perfect for students studying anatomy or physiology.

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