Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of a healthy adult's body weight is typically composed of fluid?
What percentage of a healthy adult's body weight is typically composed of fluid?
Women typically have a higher fluid retention compared to men due to higher lean muscle tissue.
Women typically have a higher fluid retention compared to men due to higher lean muscle tissue.
False
Name two types of extracellular fluid.
Name two types of extracellular fluid.
Interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid.
The essential dissolved substances in body fluids are known as ________.
The essential dissolved substances in body fluids are known as ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following fluids with their locations:
Match the following fluids with their locations:
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of whole blood is plasma?
What percentage of whole blood is plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
Electrolytes are important for nerve impulse conduction.
Electrolytes are important for nerve impulse conduction.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one function of water in the human body.
Name one function of water in the human body.
Signup and view all the answers
Sodium, chloride, and potassium are examples of __________.
Sodium, chloride, and potassium are examples of __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following electrolytes with their charges:
Match the following electrolytes with their charges:
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to blood pressure when blood volume increases?
What happens to blood pressure when blood volume increases?
Signup and view all the answers
Cerebrospinal fluid protects only the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid protects only the brain.
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers the release of calcium ions during muscle contraction?
What triggers the release of calcium ions during muscle contraction?
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers the physical search for water during thirst?
What triggers the physical search for water during thirst?
Signup and view all the answers
The hypothalamus sends signals to the kidneys to increase water output when fluid levels drop.
The hypothalamus sends signals to the kidneys to increase water output when fluid levels drop.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ideal solute-to-water ratio in physiological saline?
What is the ideal solute-to-water ratio in physiological saline?
Signup and view all the answers
Fluid loss occurs primarily through urine, sweating, and ___ .
Fluid loss occurs primarily through urine, sweating, and ___ .
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of fluid gain with its description:
Match the type of fluid gain with its description:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended Upper Limit (UL) for sodium intake per day?
What is the recommended Upper Limit (UL) for sodium intake per day?
Signup and view all the answers
Hyponatremia refers to a low blood sodium level.
Hyponatremia refers to a low blood sodium level.
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the Na-K pump play in the body?
What role does the Na-K pump play in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
High sodium intake can lead to __________, particularly in individuals with congestive heart failure or kidney disease.
High sodium intake can lead to __________, particularly in individuals with congestive heart failure or kidney disease.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following sodium-related conditions with their descriptions:
Match the following sodium-related conditions with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended intake of potassium for adults?
What is the recommended intake of potassium for adults?
Signup and view all the answers
Hypokalemia is characterized by high blood potassium levels.
Hypokalemia is characterized by high blood potassium levels.
Signup and view all the answers
What is one major role of chloride in the body?
What is one major role of chloride in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Potassium is commonly found in ___ fruit and vegetables.
Potassium is commonly found in ___ fruit and vegetables.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a consequence of hyperkalemia?
Which of the following is a consequence of hyperkalemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following minerals with their primary recommended intake:
Match the following minerals with their primary recommended intake:
Signup and view all the answers
Most Canadians consume the adequate intake of potassium.
Most Canadians consume the adequate intake of potassium.
Signup and view all the answers
Name a food source high in phosphorus.
Name a food source high in phosphorus.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
- Body fluids make up 50-70% of an adult's weight
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) is inside cells (cytosol)
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) is outside cells
- Interstitial fluid surrounds cells
- Intravascular fluid is in blood vessels (blood/lymph)
Fluid Composition Varies
- Leaner tissue has more fluid (muscle ~70%, adipose ~10-20%)
- Males typically have more lean muscle, females more fat (influenced by reproductive hormones)
- As we age, lean muscle tissue decreases.
Body Fluid Composition
- Water (H₂O) is essential for life but cells can't survive water alone
- Solutes (dissolved substances) are crucial
- Sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium, & magnesium are essential
Electrolytes
- Water is a universal solvent, dissolving various substances like sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Water's polarity attracts different parts of molecules, pulling them apart.
- Mineral salts (e.g., NaCl, KCl) dissolve in water, dissociating into charged particles called ions. These ions are electrolytes.
- Examples of electrolytes include sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), and potassium (K+).
Contributions of Water & Electrolytes to Human Functioning
- Water transportation: Blood (plasma ~55% whole blood) carries nutrients (glucose), gases (oxygen), waste, and hormones. Fat-soluble vitamins are attached to water-soluble proteins.
- Blood volume & blood pressure
- Blood volume is plasma + red blood cells (RBC) + white blood cells (WBC). Increased volume raises blood pressure. Decreased volume leads to low blood pressure (lethargy, confusion).
- Body temperature regulation
- Water has a high specific heat capacity, helping maintain stable body temperature. Blood vessel dilation increases blood circulation to dissipate heat, and sweat evaporation cools the body.
- Water lubrication & protection
- Water lubricates joints (synovial fluid). Mucin from saliva protects the brain and spinal cord. Amniotic fluid protects a fetus, while pleural fluid surrounds the lungs.
Electrolytes Support Body Functions
- Electrolytes (substances that carry a charge) conduct electrical impulses in the body. Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, and HPO₄²⁻ carry these charges.
- Electrolyte balance regulation: Electrolytes attract water molecules, and osmosis moves water towards high solute concentrations.
- Nerve impulse conduction
- Depolarization: Influx of sodium (Na⁺) into the cell reduces its negative charge. If enough sodium enters, an action potential triggers.
- Repolarization: Outflow of potassium (K⁺) to the outside of the cell restores the cell to a resting state.
- Muscle contraction
- Action potentials trigger the release of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) from the endoplasmic reticulum to activate the proteins necessary for muscle contraction.
How the Body Maintains Fluid Balance
- Hypothalamus regulates thirst. Neurons in the hypothalamus sense changes in fluid and solute concentrations, triggering thirst/fluid intake. The ideal fluid/solute ratio is ~9g of sodium (Na⁺) per Liter of water.
- Thirst mechanism triggers:
- Tissue dryness stimulates less saliva production, lowering the fluid in blood stream which is sensed by the body via the hypothalamus
- Osmoreceptors respond to changes in extracellular fluid tonicity
- Physical search for water.
- Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to trigger kidneys to retain water.
- Baroreceptors sense decreased extracellular fluid caused by factors such as bleeding or vomiting. This stimulates the hypothalamus to create a message for the kidneys to release renin (enzyme). Renin converts angiotensinogen (liver molecule) into Angiotensin (hormone) to better regulate blood pressure through constricting blood vessels and increasing water/salt absorption.
Fluid Gain vs Loss
- Fluid Gain:
- Food(30%): fruits/vegetables (high in water content)
- Metabolic water (10%): produced through chemical reactions when breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
- Beverages (60%): water, juices, soda, tea.
- Fluid Loss:
- Urine (~60%), sweat (5%), feces (5%), and insensible water loss (30%).
- Insensible water loss: evaporation through skin/lungs; 1 litre of water per day at rest; 2 Liters + per hour when exercising or in hot conditions.
- Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for water: Male (19-50): ~3.7 Liters; Female (19-50): ~2.7 Liters (These are averages and may vary depending on circumstances).
Factors Increasing Fluid Requirements
- Increased physical activity
- Hot/Cold climate
- Altitude
- Alcohol consumption
- High protein/fiber diets
- Certain medical conditions (e.g. diarrhea, diabetes insipidus).
Minerals (Electrolytes)
- Sodium (Na⁺): major extracellular electrolyte; essential to maintaining blood pressure, fluid balance, nerve & muscle function.
- Potassium (K⁺): major intracellular electrolyte; essential to maintaining fluid balance, nerve & muscle function, blood pressure, electrical impulses.
- Chloride (Cl⁻): consumed as sodium chloride (NaCl), important for maintaining fluid balance, aids WBC response aiding in digestion, and CO2 removal from the blood.
- Phosphorus: major intracellular electrolyte, critical for bone formation, crucial for energy production (ATP), and cell component (phospholipids)
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the vital concepts of fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. This quiz covers body fluid composition, the importance of water and electrolytes, and variations in fluid content across different tissues. Brush up your understanding of these essential biological principles!
