Fluid Dynamics & Pressure

• Water reaches maximum density at 4°C.
• Cohesion describes attraction between like molecules.
• A barometer measures atmospheric pressure.
• Buoyant force determines if an object floats or sinks.

Pascal's Law

• Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
• Archimedes' Principle explains why ships float.
• The SI unit of pressure is Pascal.
• A manometer's primary function is to measure pressure difference.
• Kinematic Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow.

Buoyant Force

• Color of an object does NOT affect buoyant force.
• The hydraulic radius determines open channel efficiency.
• Surface roughness causes frictional losses in pipes.
• Bernoulli's equation describes conservation of energy in fluids.

Pressure Measurement

• A Venturi meter measures the difference in pressure between two points.
• Water hammer in pipes causes sudden pressure surges.
• Capillarity is related to fluid movement through a narrow space.
• Absolute viscosity is the ratio of shear stress to velocity gradient.
• The metacenter is above the center of gravity in a stable floating body.

Fluid Equations

• The equation of continuity is based on conservation of mass.
• Temperature affects the surface tension of a liquid.
• Pascal's Law helps in designing hydraulic lifts.
• Surface Tension allows some insects to walk on water.
• Water hammer can be minimized by increasing pipe diameter.

Energy and head pressure

• The energy grade line (EGL) represents total mechanical energy.
• The Darcy-Weisbach equation is used to find head loss in a pipe.
• A Pitot Tube helps determine fluid velocity using pressure differences.
• Objects float in water because buoyant force equals weight.
• Drag describes resistance against a moving object in a fluid.

Venturi Meters

• A Venturi meter is used for measuring fluid density.
• Buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
• The metacentric height determines the stability of a floating body.