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Questions and Answers
What does the filtration coefficient (Kf) indicate in the context of Starling forces?
In the Starling-Landis equation, what does a higher net fluid movement (NFM) indicate?
Which pressure contributes to reabsorption in the Starling forces framework?
Which of the following equations correctly represents net fluid movement (NFM) when considering Starling forces?
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How does the hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end (Pc) typically compare to the venous end?
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What is the primary factor contributing to filtration at the capillary level?
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Which of the following changes would likely favor increased filtration in a capillary?
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In which tissue is the filtration coefficient (Kf) typically very high?
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What primarily causes the condition known as oedema?
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Which factor contributes to increased hydrostatic pressure in plasma?
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In what condition is a significant lack of protein intake observed, contributing to oedema?
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Which type of oedema is characterized by swelling in the limbs due to gravitational effects?
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What is a potential consequence of increased capillary permeability?
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Which term refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extracellular space?
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What role does the lymphatic system play in fluid regulation?
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Which of the following can block lymphatic drainage and contribute to oedema?
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How can a decrease in plasma proteins affect fluid dynamics?
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What condition is a result of trauma that leads to increased permeability of blood vessels?
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Which physiological response occurs when there is a rise in interstitial fluid protein concentration?
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What is the main function of the Kf value in the fluid movement equation?
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What might occur if there is chronic high blood pressure?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of oedema?
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Study Notes
Starling Forces
- There are four forces that determine fluid movement across capillary walls:
- Hydrostatic pressure (P): The pressure exerted by fluid within a vessel or space.
- Colloid osmotic pressure (π): The pressure exerted by proteins within a vessel or space, which draws fluid towards a region of higher protein concentration.
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Two pressures favor filtration:
- Hydrostatic pressure within the capillary (Pc)
- Colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid (πIF)
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Two pressures favor reabsorption:
- Hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid (PIF)
- Colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma (πP)
Net Fluid Movement (NFM)
- NFM is the difference between the pressures that favor filtration and the pressures that favor reabsorption.
- NFM Equation: NFM = Kf [(PC - PIF) – (πP – πIF)]
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Kf (Filtration Coefficient): Represents the permeability of the capillary and the surface area of the endothelium
- Varies in different tissues: very high in the kidney, lower in muscles.
- Considered constant in any single capillary bed under normal conditions.
- Typically assumed to be 1 unless otherwise stated in calculations.
Oedema
- Oedema is the abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid.
- Occurs when there is excess filtration or inadequate reabsorption.
- Possible causes:
- ↑ Hydrostatic pressure: Increased blood pressure, venous return issues (e.g., blood clots, tight clothing).
- ↓ Plasma protein concentration: Liver disease, malnutrition (Kwashiorkor), protein loss in urine (nephrotic syndrome).
- ↑ Interstitial fluid protein concentration: Inflammation, tissue injury (e.g., burns, trauma).
- ↑ Interstitial fluid volume: Blockage of lymphatic vessels (e.g., lymphatic filariasis, cancer), enlargement of limbs.
The Lymphatic System
- Is a network of vessels that collect excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the bloodstream
- Plays a role in the immune system.
- Drains interstitial fluid from skin, GI, genitourinary, and respiratory systems.
- ~20 L of fluid filters out of the blood into the interstitial space daily. (This excludes kidney filtration).
- ~17 L returns to the bloodstream by reabsorption.
- ~3 L is collected by the lymphatic system.
Types of Oedema
- Peripheral Oedema: Swelling in the extremities.
- Dependent Oedema: Swelling in the lower body due to gravity..
- Cerebral Oedema: Swelling within the brain.
- Myocardial Oedema: Swelling of the heart muscle.
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Description
This quiz explores the starling forces that influence fluid movement across capillary walls, examining both the pressures that encourage filtration and those that support reabsorption. It also covers the net fluid movement equation and the significance of the filtration coefficient. Test your understanding of these critical physiological concepts.
