Human Physiology Week 5 - Cardiovascular (Transcripts)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the endothelial cells in capillaries?

  • To allow selective permeability for molecules (correct)
  • To absorb nutrients from the blood
  • To produce red blood cells
  • To trap red blood cells

    • Why can red blood cells not pass through the gaps between endothelial cells in capillaries under normal conditions?

  • They are contained within a protective membrane
  • They are too large and trapped within the vessel (correct)
  • They are too small to fit through the gaps
  • They have a rigid structure preventing movement

    • What role do the small gaps between endothelial cells serve in capillaries?

  • To facilitate the movement of red blood cells
  • To enable the exchange of water and small molecules (correct)
  • To allow proteins to exit the bloodstream
  • To prevent the entry of pathogens

    • Which of the following components is primarily accounted for in the fluid composition of blood?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood vessels, what are the proteins in the blood responsible for?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure and other functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood is made up of plasma?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant plasma protein mentioned?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the interstitial fluid primarily originate from?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can interstitial fluid do in relation to cells?

    <p>It can move in and out of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the endothelial cells in capillaries?

    <p>To allow water molecules to leak into the interstitium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the vascular compartment?

    <p>To maintain osmotic pressure in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inflammation, what occurs to the endothelial cells that affects fluid movement?

    <p>They retract, increasing intercellular cleft size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of extracellular fluid?

    <p>Vascular and interstitial compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid is specifically referred to as intracellular fluid?

    <p>Fluid contained within cellular compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions can freely move between the vascular compartment and the interstitium under normal conditions?

    <p>Sodium and chloride ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is exudate primarily composed of during inflammation?

    <p>Fluid, electrolytes, and plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that more water molecules exit the vascular compartment during inflammation?

    <p>Osmotic activity of plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much fluid is generally found in the intracellular fluid compartment?

    <p>28 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the movement of fluid between compartments is true?

    <p>Water molecules can move across both cell membranes and capillary membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the size of intercellular clefts during inflammation?

    <p>They increase in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two main factors influence the movement of fluid between the plasma and the interstitial fluid?

    <p>Osmotically active solutes and hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid output method accounts for the least amount of fluid loss from the body?

    <p>Drinking fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hydrostatic pressure affect fluid movement in the body?

    <p>It pulls fluid out of the plasma into the interstitial space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the lymphatic system helps return fluid to the plasma after it leaves the interstitial space?

    <p>Lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solutes primarily influences fluid movement between intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid?

    <p>Electrolytes like sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does capillary hydrostatic pressure represent?

    <p>The pressure of the fluid inside the capillary pushing out against the wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure is responsible for attracting fluid into the capillary from the interstitial space?

    <p>Capillary colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes Starling's forces?

    <p>The combination of various fluid pressures affecting movement between capillaries and interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a direct mechanical force acting on the capillary wall?

    <p>Capillary colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of plasma proteins, such as albumin, in the context of capillary dynamics?

    <p>They create an osmotic gradient that draws fluid into the capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approximate percentage of blood is composed of cells?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the interstitial fluid?

    <p>It originates from the blood and fills the interstitium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of plasma?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between blood vessels and the interstitium?

    <p>Water can leak freely from blood vessels to fill the interstitium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein is identified as the most abundant?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for the thinness that allows molecules to move through capillaries?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary reason for the inability of red blood cells to exit capillaries under normal conditions?

    <p>Narrow openings between endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the small gaps or clefts between endothelial cells serve in blood capillaries?

    <p>Enable water molecules to move in and out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in blood is described as being too large to pass through the gaps in capillary endothelial cells?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'biconcave disc' in relation to red blood cells?

    <p>Their unique shape that maximizes surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fluid compartments of the body

    • The body's fluid is divided into three compartments: intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma.
    • Intracellular fluid is the fluid inside cells and is the largest volume of fluid in the body, around 28 liters.
    • Interstitial fluid is the fluid surrounding cells, around 11 liters.
    • Plasma is the fluid component of blood, around 3 liters.
    • The vascular compartment is the blood, with 5 liters of blood in the body.
    • Plasma accounts for 55% of the blood, with the remaining 45% composed of red blood cells.
    • Fluid can move freely between cells, interstitial space, and the vascular compartment.
    • The cell membrane separates the intracellular fluid compartment from the interstitial fluid compartment.
    • The capillary membrane separates the interstitial fluid compartment from the vascular compartment.

    Understanding Fluid Movement

    • Fluid can move between the interstitium and capillaries/plasma.
    • Lymphatic system allows fluid to move from interstitium to plasma.
    • Fluid intake includes drinking water and intravenous fluids.
    • Fluid output via kidneys (urine), feces, sweat, and respiratory system.
    • Total body water is divided into extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid) and intracellular fluid.

    Starling's Forces

    • Starling's forces control fluid movement between plasma & interstitial fluid.
    • Plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) are osmotically active, pulling fluid into the plasma.
    • Hydrostatic pressure is the physical force related to blood pressure, influencing fluid movement.
    • Osmotically active solutes (e.g., electrolytes like sodium and potassium) control fluid movement between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid.

    Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

    • Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of fluid inside the capillary pushing outward on the capillary wall.
    • Interstitial fluid pressure is the pressure of fluid in the interstitium pushing against the capillary wall.
    • Capillary colloid osmotic pressure is the force exerted by plasma proteins, pulling fluid from the interstitium into the capillary.

    Fluid Movement in a Capillary

    • Fluid moves from the arterial side of a capillary to the venous side, carrying plasma proteins, water, and other solutes.
    • On the arterial side, high capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the capillary and into the interstitium.
    • 90% of the filtered fluid is reabsorbed back into the capillary on the venous side due to lower hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary colloid osmotic pressure.
    • The remaining 10% of the fluid enters lymphatic vessels, driven by interstitial fluid pressure, before ultimately returning to the vascular compartment.

    Blood Vessels and Pressure

    • Blood vessels are highly distensible, meaning they can expand in size to accommodate increased fluid volume or pressure.
    • The inner lining of blood vessels is composed of endothelial cells.
    • Arteries have a thick layer of smooth muscle surrounding the endothelium.
    • Pressure within a blood vessel is determined by the force of fluid molecules pushing against the vessel walls.
    • Increased fluid volume in a blood vessel will lead to increased pressure and vessel expansion.

    Capillary Filtration and Reabsorption

    • Capillaries act as a barrier between the vascular compartment (blood) and the interstitial space (tissue fluid).
    • Small molecules, such as water and electrolytes, can easily pass through the capillary walls into the interstitial space.
    • Large molecules, such as plasma proteins and red blood cells, are too large to pass through the capillary slits.
    • Most fluid filtered out of capillaries is reabsorbed back into the vascular system on the venous side.
    • Approximately 10% of filtered fluid enters the lymphatic system for return to the circulation.

    Edema Formation

    • Edema occurs when the interstitial fluid pressure increases due to an imbalance between filtration and reabsorption.
    • Obstruction of venous or lymphatic flow can lead to fluid buildup in the interstitial space.
    • A blood clot in a vein can cause a backup of fluid in the capillaries, increasing hydrostatic pressure and forcing more fluid into the interstitium.
    • A blockage in the lymphatic system prevents the return of interstitial fluid to the circulation, leading to edema.

    Pitting Edema

    • Pitting edema is a type of edema characterized by the formation of fluid pockets in the interstitial space.
    • Interstitial fluid pressure becomes so high that it disrupts the normal lattice structure of proteins in the tissue.
    • When pressed, the skin in the area of pitting edema will retain an imprint of the finger for a few seconds due to the fluid displacement.

    Starling's Forces

    • Starling's forces are a set of pressures that govern the movement of fluid across capillary walls.
    • Interstitial fluid pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure are key Starling's forces.

    Lymphatic Vessels and Fluid Return

    • Lymphatic vessels play a crucial role in returning excess interstitial fluid to the circulation.
    • Lymphatic vessels can become blocked or compressed, impairing their ability to drain fluid and contributing to edema.
    • Parasitic infections can also obstruct lymphatic flow, resulting in edema.

    Fluid Compartments

    • About 45% of blood is cellular, example red blood cells, the other 55% is plasma
    • Blood plasma is about 99% water, and 1% proteins, the most abundant being albumin
    • Total body water is divided into three compartments: intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid and plasma
    • Intracellular fluid is the fluid within cells, accounts for approximately 28 liters
    • Interstitial fluid is the fluid in the space surrounding cells, accounts for approximately 11 liters
    • Plasma or vascular compartment is the fluid portion of blood, accounts for approximately 3 liters
    • There is about 5 liters of blood in the body, with 55% being plasma
    • Fluid can move between all the compartments: water can move between intracellular compartment and interstitial compartment, and both can exchange water with the plasma compartment

    Edema

    • The space between endothelial cells is called the intercellular cleft
    • Under normal conditions, water and electrolytes can move freely between vascular compartment and interstitial compartment
    • During inflammation the endothelial cells retract, increasing the size of the intercellular cleft
    • Retraction of endothelial cells can lead to the leakage of plasma proteins into the interstitium
    • Plasma proteins are osmotically active, and can pull water molecules with them, increasing interstitial fluid volume which is called exudate
    • Exudate is fluid leaving the vascular compartment due to inflammation and includes plasma proteins, water, electrolytes, and white blood cells (leukocytes)

    Fluid Movement Between Capillaries and Interstitium

    • Fluid can move from the interstitium into the capillaries or the plasma.
    • Fluid can leave the capillaries or the plasma to get into the interstitium.
    • Fluid can go from the interstitium through the capillary cells into the plasma.
    • Fluid can move from the interstitium through lymphatic channels and vessels into the plasma.

    Factors Affecting Fluid Movement

    • Two key factors control the movement of fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid.
      • Starling's forces: depend on proteins in the plasma.
      • Hydrostatic pressure: physical forces related to blood pressure.
    • The main factor influencing fluid movement between interstitial and intracellular fluid is osmotically active solutes, such as electrolytes like sodium and potassium ions.

    Starling's Forces

    • Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP): pressure of fluid inside the capillary pushing out against the capillary wall.
    • Interstitial fluid pressure (IFP): pressure of fluid in the interstitium pushing against the capillary wall.
    • Capillary colloid osmotic pressure (COP): attractive force exerted by plasma proteins (like albumin) pulling fluid from the interstitium into the capillary.
    • All three forces together are known as Starling's forces.

    Fluid Movement in Capillaries

    • Arterial side of the capillary: high CHP leads to fluid filtration out of the capillary and into the interstitium.
      • CHP is greater than IFP and COP on this side.
    • Venous side of the capillary: lower CHP and higher COP leads to fluid reabsorption from the interstitium back into the capillary.
      • About 90% of filtered fluid is reabsorbed.
    • Lymphatic vessels: collect the remaining 10% of fluid that was not reabsorbed.

    Analogy for Starling's Forces

    • Bowl represents the intravascular compartment (capillaries).

    • Water represents plasma.

    • Salt represents electrolytes in the plasma.

    • Blueberries represent plasma proteins.

    • The analogy demonstrates how the forces affect fluid movement:

      • Water pushing against the bowl's walls represents hydrostatic pressure.
      • Blueberries attracting water into the bowl represents osmotic pressure.

    Blood Flow Dynamics

    • Blood components: Plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen) are much larger than electrolytes like sodium chloride. Red blood cells are much larger than plasma proteins.
    • Capillary filtration: Capillaries allow smaller molecules like electrolytes and water to pass through, while larger molecules like plasma proteins and red blood cells remain within the vascular compartment.
    • Influences on capillary filtration: Factors including hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, and lymphatic vessel function determine fluid movement between the vascular and interstitial compartments.

    Edema Formation

    • Venous obstruction: A blood clot within a vein creates a traffic jam, leading to increased hydrostatic pressure within the capillary. This causes fluid to be pushed into the interstitial space, potentially leading to edema.
    • Lymphatic obstruction: Obstacles in lymphatic vessels like clots, compression, or parasitic infections can block the return of fluid to the bloodstream. This results in increased interstitial fluid volume and edema.

    Pitting Edema

    • High interstitial fluid pressure: When interstitial fluid pressure becomes high, the latticework of proteins in the interstitial space can become overwhelmed, forming pockets of fluid and leading to edema.
    • Pitting edema: This type of edema occurs when pressure applied to the skin leaves a pit that persists for a few seconds after the pressure is released. This is due to the formation of free fluid pockets within the interstitium.

    Blood Vessel Properties

    • Pressure: Pressure within a blood vessel is determined by the force exerted by fluid molecules on the vessel walls. Adding more fluid increases pressure.
    • Distensibility: Blood vessels can expand in size when fluid volume or pressure increases. This ability is referred to as distensibility.
    • Artery structure: Arteries have a lumen (central opening), endothelial cells lining the lumen, and a surrounding layer of smooth muscle.
    • Arterial distensibility: Arteries can distend in size to accommodate changes in blood flow and maintain pressure. Distensibility is important for regulating blood flow and maintaining pressure throughout the circulatory system.

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    Description

    Explore the different fluid compartments in the human body, including intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma. Understand how these fluids interact and the significance of their volumes within the body's overall fluid distribution. This quiz will help you grasp the basics of fluid movement and compartmentalization within physiological contexts.

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