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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate daily water intake for a typical individual, as mentioned?
What is the approximate daily water intake for a typical individual, as mentioned?
What is the primary means by which the body maintains a balance between water intake and output?
What is the primary means by which the body maintains a balance between water intake and output?
If the average daily water loss through evaporation is roughly 700ml, which of these is the approximate breakdown?
If the average daily water loss through evaporation is roughly 700ml, which of these is the approximate breakdown?
According to the information, what is the approximate volume of intracellular fluid in the body?
According to the information, what is the approximate volume of intracellular fluid in the body?
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What are the two main components of the extracellular fluid compartment?
What are the two main components of the extracellular fluid compartment?
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What is the primary determinant of fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments?
What is the primary determinant of fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments?
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Which of these accurately describes the relative permeability of the cell membrane?
Which of these accurately describes the relative permeability of the cell membrane?
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Which of the following best describes the typical electrolyte makeup of intracellular fluid?
Which of the following best describes the typical electrolyte makeup of intracellular fluid?
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What is the primary characteristic that determines whether a solution will cause a change in cell volume?
What is the primary characteristic that determines whether a solution will cause a change in cell volume?
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What effect does adding a hypertonic solution to the extracellular fluid have on cell volume?
What effect does adding a hypertonic solution to the extracellular fluid have on cell volume?
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After drinking water, approximately how long does it take for whole body osmotic equilibrium to be reached?
After drinking water, approximately how long does it take for whole body osmotic equilibrium to be reached?
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What is a common cause of intracellular edema?
What is a common cause of intracellular edema?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of extracellular edema?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of extracellular edema?
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What happens to plasma colloid osmotic pressure when the body fails to produce normal amounts of proteins or proteins leak from the plasma?
What happens to plasma colloid osmotic pressure when the body fails to produce normal amounts of proteins or proteins leak from the plasma?
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Which of the following is a safety factor that helps prevent edema?
Which of the following is a safety factor that helps prevent edema?
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What characteristics are NOT typical of the potential spaces in the body?
What characteristics are NOT typical of the potential spaces in the body?
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What is typically the result of a blockage of lymphatic vessels in a specific area?
What is typically the result of a blockage of lymphatic vessels in a specific area?
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What does a rapid reduction in plasma sodium concentration (hyponatremia) primarily cause in brain cells?
What does a rapid reduction in plasma sodium concentration (hyponatremia) primarily cause in brain cells?
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Study Notes
Fluid Compartments and Regulation
- Body fluids are in constant exchange with the environment.
- Daily water intake averages ~2 liters, while synthesis adds ~0.2 liters.
- Water loss (700ml/day) is through evaporation (~300ml/skin, ~300ml/resp) plus sweat (highly variable).
- Sweat loss ranges from ~0.1 liters/day to ~2 liters/hour depending on activity and environment.
- Urine output varies from ~0.5 liters/day to ~20 liters/day, regulated primarily by the kidneys.
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
- Body fluids are mainly distributed among intracellular (28-42 liters) and extracellular (14 liters) compartments.
- Intracellular fluid is inside cells, with similar solute concentrations.
- Extracellular fluid is outside cells, comprising interstitial fluid and plasma.
- Cell membranes are highly permeable to water but impermeable to most electrolytes.
- Intracellular fluid contains little sodium, chloride, and calcium but high amounts of potassium and phosphate.
Osmosis and Fluid Balance
- Osmosis is the movement of water from low to high particle concentration.
- Cell membranes are impermeable to most solutes but permeable to water.
- Aquaporins facilitate rapid water movement.
- Osmotic pressure (~19.3mm Hg) across cell membranes is influenced by impermeable solutes.
- Small changes in solute concentration can cause large changes in cell volume.
Types of Solutions
- Isotonic solutions maintain normal cell volume (equal solute concentration).
- Hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentration, causing cell shrinkage.
- Hypotonic solutions have lower solute concentration, causing cell swelling.
- Water & solute equilibrium is usually reached in seconds to minutes.
Extracellular Fluid Changes
- Adding isotonic solution increases intracellular fluid volume.
- Adding hypertonic solution increases extracellular osmolarity, causing water to leave cells and shrink them.
- Adding hypotonic solution decreases extracellular osmolarity causing water to enter cells, increasing both intracellular and extracellular volume.
Hyponatremia
- Rapid hyponatremia (low sodium) causes brain cell edema and neurological symptoms.
- Slow hyponatremia allows for solute redistribution, mitigating brain edema.
- Hyponatremia can result from water loss or excess sodium in extracellular fluid.
Edema
- Intracellular edema: caused by hyponatremia, impaired metabolism, malnutrition or membrane damage.
- Extracellular edema: caused by excessive fluid leakage from blood vessels (capillaries) into interstitial spaces or lymphatic drainage failure.
- Heart failure can cause both capillary pressure and salt/water retention increasing edema.
- Kidney failure similarly causes edema due to impaired ability to remove excess salt and water.
- Nephrotic syndrome and cirrhosis of the liver can be associated with albumin loss and reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure which leads to edema.
Preventing Edema
- Low compliance of interstitial tissues helps prevent excess fluid buildup.
- Increased lymph flow removes interstitial fluid effectively.
- High protein concentrations reduce interstitial osmotic pressure.
Additional Body Spaces
- Additional spaces in the body (e.g., pleural, peritoneal, pericardial) have thin layers of fluid for smooth movement.
- Fluid buildup in these spaces can lead to effusions.
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Description
Explore the dynamics of body fluids, including daily intake and loss, and the regulation of urine output. Discover the differentiation between intracellular and extracellular fluids, and learn about their composition and functions. This quiz delves into the critical aspects of fluid regulation in human physiology.
