Fluid Regulation and Daily Water Intake Quiz G. 25 - 1.6

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the approximate volume of interstitial fluid in a 70-kg man?

  • 3 liters
  • 11 liters (correct)
  • 17 liters
  • 14 liters

Which of the following is NOT a major constituent of the extracellular fluid?

  • Calcium
  • Potassium (correct)
  • Protein
  • Sodium

What is the primary reason for the difference in composition between plasma and interstitial fluid?

  • Different rates of diffusion across capillary membranes
  • The presence of proteins in plasma (correct)
  • The higher concentration of water in interstitial fluid
  • Active transport mechanisms in the capillaries

What is the approximate percentage of body weight that is made up of extracellular fluid?

<p>20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between blood and other extracellular fluid compartments?

<p>Blood is a separate fluid compartment contained within the circulatory system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of plasma in a 70-kg man?

<p>3 liters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the largest extracellular fluid compartment?

<p>Interstitial fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the body regulates water intake and output, as well as electrolyte balance?

<p>Control of urine excretion by the kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the water loss that occurs through the skin and lungs, which is not easily perceived?

<p>Insensible water loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism for exchange of substances between plasma and interstitial fluid?

<p>Diffusion through pores in capillary membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much water is typically lost through the kidneys each day under normal conditions?

<p>1400 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of water intake for the body?

<p>Fluids ingested (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does heavy exercise affect the amount of water lost through perspiration?

<p>It increases sweat production significantly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate daily intake of water under normal conditions?

<p>2300 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to table 25-1 what are the approximate daily water intake and output for a person engaging in heavy exercise?

<p>Intake 2300 ml, Output 6600 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which the body controls the rate of urine excretion?

<p>Regulation of body temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate average blood volume of an adult in liters?

<p>5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?

<p>60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hematocrit?

<p>The volume of red blood cells packed in a centrifuge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the true hematocrit only about 96% of the measured hematocrit?

<p>Because the centrifuge does not completely pack the red blood cells together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal measured hematocrit for men?

<p>0.40 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when the hematocrit is abnormally low, and what does it mean?

<p>Anemia, meaning a deficiency of red blood cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of red blood cells in blood?

<p>40% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the slight difference in osmolarity between plasma and interstitial fluid?

<p>The osmotic effects of the plasma proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which water moves across cell membranes?

<p>Osmosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a cell is placed in a solution that causes it to neither shrink nor swell, the solution is considered:

<p>Isotonic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions that interionic attraction can cause a slight decrease in the osmotic activity of dissolved substances. Which of the following best describes this phenomenon?

<p>The ions are attracted to each other, forming neutral pairs and reducing their individual osmotic activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% glucose solutions important in clinical medicine?

<p>They can be infused into the blood without upsetting the osmotic equilibrium between intracellular and extracellular fluids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the pressure in capillaries slightly higher than in the surrounding interstitial spaces?

<p>The osmotic effects of plasma proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane in terms of water movement?

<p>To regulate the movement of water based on the concentration gradient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why water diffuses across the cell membrane towards a region of higher solute concentration?

<p>The higher solute concentration attracts the water molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions has the highest concentration in the intracellular fluid?

<p>K+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid compared to the intracellular fluid?

<p>Na+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the ionic composition of plasma and interstitial fluid is TRUE?

<p>Their similar composition is due to the high permeability of capillary membranes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate concentration of potassium (K+) in interstitial fluid, according to the table?

<p>4.0 mOsm/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is NOT found in intracellular fluid, based on the table?

<p>Ca2+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate concentration of bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions in plasma?

<p>24 mOsm/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the indicator-dilution method primarily used for?

<p>Determining the volume of different fluid compartments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is a key difference between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid in terms of their ionic composition?

<p>Extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of chloride ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between cell membranes and ion permeability?

<p>Cell membranes are relatively impermeable to ions but highly permeable to water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the rapid movement of water across cell membranes?

<p>The high permeability of cell membranes to water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the calculation of osmolarity using van't Hoff's law considered an approximation?

<p>Because van't Hoff's law assumes that solutes behave independently in solution, which is not always the case. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmotic coefficient used for in the context of osmolarity calculations?

<p>To correct for deviations from the predictions of van't Hoff's law due to interionic attraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors primarily contributes to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid and plasma?

<p>Sodium and chloride ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate osmolarity of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution, taking into account the osmotic coefficient?

<p>286 mOsm/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the intracellular fluid remains isotonic with the extracellular fluid?

<p>The rapid movement of water across the cell membrane maintains equilibrium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of osmotic pressure in volume regulation?

<p>Osmotic pressure drives the movement of water across the cell membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside cells, includes interstitial fluid and plasma.

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid that fills spaces between cells, making up most of ECF.

Plasma

Liquid component of blood that carries cells and nutrients, about 3 liters in a 70-kg man.

Body Weight Contribution

Extracellular fluids account for about 20% of body weight, or around 14 liters in a 70-kg individual.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cation Concentrations

Major positively charged ions in body fluids include Na+, Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anion Concentrations

Major negatively charged ions include Cl−, HCO3−, and PO4³−.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fluid Exchange

Plasma and interstitial fluid exchange substances through capillary membrane pores, permeable to solutes but not proteins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood as a Fluid Compartment

Blood contains ECF and intracellular fluid, but is considered a separate compartment within the circulatory system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insensible water loss

Water loss that occurs without conscious awareness, primarily through skin and lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Daily water output

Total amount of water lost by the body each day, including urine, sweat, and insensible losses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kidneys' role

Organs responsible for regulating water and electrolyte balance through urine excretion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urine excretion

Process by which the kidneys remove excess water and waste from the bloodstream.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water intake balance

The equilibrium maintained between the amount of water consumed and expended.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Normal water intake

Average amount of water consumed daily, typically around 2300 ml.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electrolyte balance

The maintenance of stable levels of minerals in body fluids that are crucial for bodily functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insensible loss: skin vs lungs

Water loss occurs both through skin and respiration, affecting total daily loss.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Volume

Total volume of blood in an adult, about 5 liters, or 7% of body weight.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasma Composition

Blood consists of 60% plasma and 40% red blood cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hematocrit

Fraction of blood volume occupied by red blood cells, measured by centrifugation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Normal Hematocrit Levels

Normal range: men around 0.40, women around 0.36.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anemia Hematocrit

In severe anemia, hematocrit may drop to 0.10.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polycythemia

Condition of excess red blood cell production, hematocrit can rise to 0.65.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Centrifuge Role

Used to measure hematocrit by packing red blood cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasma Non-Electrolytes

Includes substances like cholesterol, glucose, and urea in the plasma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmolarity of Plasma

The concentration of solutes in plasma, measured in mOsm/L.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Na+ Concentration in Plasma

Sodium ion concentration in plasma is approximately 142 mOsm/L.

Signup and view all the flashcards

K+ Concentration in Intracellular Fluid

Potassium ion concentration in intracellular fluid is around 140 mOsm/L.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anion Comparison

Chloride (Cl−) concentration in plasma is about 106 mOsm/L.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HCO3− Concentration

Bicarbonate ion concentration in plasma is approximately 24 mOsm/L.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calcium Ion in Plasma

Calcium ion concentration in plasma is about 1.3 mOsm/L.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phosphates in Intracellular Fluid

Phosphate concentrations are higher in intracellular fluid than in plasma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Indicator Mass Equation

Indicator mass is calculated by volume multiplied by concentration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Selective Permeability

Property of cell membranes that allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmolarity of Body Fluids

The total concentration of solute particles in a solution, about 300 mOsm/L in body fluids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure required to prevent water from diffusing into a solution through a semipermeable membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same osmotic pressure as the cell's interior, preventing cell shrinkage or swelling.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sodium Chloride Solution

A common isotonic solution used in clinical settings, typically 0.9% NaCl.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasma Proteins' Role

Proteins in plasma that contribute to osmotic pressure differences between plasma and interstitial fluid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interstitial vs Intracellular Fluid

Interstitial fluid is outside cells, while intracellular fluid is inside; both having similar osmolarity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corrected Osmolar Activity

Adjustments made to osmolar measurements considering interactions between ions in body fluids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmotic Coefficient

A correction factor used to account for deviations in osmotic predictions, particularly when ions interact.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sodium Chloride Osmolarity

The actual osmolarity for 0.9% sodium chloride solution, adjusted by osmotic coefficient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmolarity Factors

Factors determining the osmolarity of fluids, primarily sodium, chloride, and potassium ions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intracellular Fluid Osmolarity

About half of the osmolarity comes from potassium ions, with others making up the rest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interstitial Fluid Osmolarity

About 80% of the osmolarity comprises sodium and chloride ions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Permeability of Cell Membranes

Cell membranes are highly permeable to water but less so to ions like sodium and chloride.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interionic Attraction

The interaction that causes sodium and chloride ions to not behave independently in solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments

  • Maintaining a stable body fluid volume and composition is crucial for homeostasis.
  • Fluid balance is essential for cellular function.
  • Daily fluid intake and output must be balanced for homeostasis.

Daily Water Intake

  • Water intake comes from liquids and food (approx. 2100 ml/day).
  • Water is also produced metabolically (approx. 200 ml/day).
  • Total daily water intake is approximately 2300 ml.
  • Water intake varies based on factors including climate, habits, and activity level.

Daily Water Loss

  • Insensible Water Loss: Water lost through skin (300-400 ml/day) and respiration (300-400 ml/day).
  • This loss is not consciously perceived.
  • Burn victims experience significantly higher insensible water loss.
  • Sweat: Water loss through sweat varies widely, influenced by heat and exercise. High levels of sweat can cause significant loss (1-2 L/hour).
  • Feces: Small amounts of water are lost in feces (100 ml/day). Diarrhea massively increases water loss.
  • Kidneys: The kidneys excrete water (urine) to adjust fluid balance.

Body Fluid Compartments

  • Body fluid is divided mainly into extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF).
  • ECF comprises interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
  • Transcellular fluid is a small compartment in ECF, containing materials in synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular spaces, and cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Normal total body water for a 70 kg adult is roughly 42 liters.
  • The fluid percentage in a person is varied by age, sex, and obesity.

Blood Volume

  • Blood volume is about 7% of body weight (approximately 5 liters in adults).
  • Plasma is the noncellular component (60% of blood), and red blood cells (RBC) comprise the remainder (40%).
  • Factors like sex and weight influence hematocrit.

Intracellular Fluid Compartment

  • About 28 liters (40% of body weight).
  • ICF composition is similar in different cells (different organisms).

Extracellular Fluid Compartment

  • Approximately 14 liters (20% body weight).
  • Interstitial fluid and plasma are the two major parts of ECF.
  • Plasma and interstitial fluids have similar composition (excluding proteins, which are higher in plasma).

Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes

  • Indicator-dilution principle is used to measure volumes.
  • Mass of indicator is considered to calculate volumes accurately.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Guyton Ch 25 Regulation of Body Fluid PDF

More Like This

Human Physiology and Body Fluids Quiz
5 questions

Body Fluids Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of Human Physiology

AstoundingAwe7612 avatar
AstoundingAwe7612
Body Fluid Regulation Quiz
10 questions

Body Fluid Regulation Quiz

GratefulChimera avatar
GratefulChimera
L13 physiology
18 questions

L13 physiology

SublimeStream4802 avatar
SublimeStream4802
04.1 Regulation of body fluid osmolality: water balance
16 questions

04.1 Regulation of body fluid osmolality: water balance

GenerousThulium8546 avatar
GenerousThulium8546
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser