Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the normal hematocrit value in men?
What is the normal hematocrit value in men?
- 0.36
- 0.65
- 0.10
- 0.40 (correct)
What is the normal hematocrit value in women?
What is the normal hematocrit value in women?
- 0.65
- 0.36 (correct)
- 0.40
- 0.10
What is the fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells?
What is the fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells?
- 40% (correct)
- 65%
- 60%
- 10%
What causes the hematocrit to fall to as low as 0.10?
What causes the hematocrit to fall to as low as 0.10?
What causes polycythemia, leading to a rise in hematocrit to 0.65?
What causes polycythemia, leading to a rise in hematocrit to 0.65?
What is the main difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?
What is the main difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?
Why does plasma have a slightly greater concentration of positively charged ions than interstitial fluid?
Why does plasma have a slightly greater concentration of positively charged ions than interstitial fluid?
What separates plasma and interstitial fluid?
What separates plasma and interstitial fluid?
What fills the semicircular ducts and the ampulla?
What fills the semicircular ducts and the ampulla?
What structure has a small crest called a crista ampullaris?
What structure has a small crest called a crista ampullaris?
What causes the cupula to bend to one side?
What causes the cupula to bend to one side?
How are the three semicircular ducts arranged?
How are the three semicircular ducts arranged?
What happens when a person's head rotates in any direction?
What happens when a person's head rotates in any direction?
What excites the sensory organ of the ampulla?
What excites the sensory organ of the ampulla?
What is located on top of the small crest called a crista ampullaris?
What is located on top of the small crest called a crista ampullaris?
What causes fluid to flow from the duct and through its ampulla?
What causes fluid to flow from the duct and through its ampulla?
What is the main reason for the higher concentration of negatively charged ions (anions) in interstitial fluid compared with plasma?
What is the main reason for the higher concentration of negatively charged ions (anions) in interstitial fluid compared with plasma?
Why does the intracellular fluid contain only small quantities of sodium and chloride ions?
Why does the intracellular fluid contain only small quantities of sodium and chloride ions?
What determines the relative amounts of extracellular fluid distributed between the plasma and interstitial spaces?
What determines the relative amounts of extracellular fluid distributed between the plasma and interstitial spaces?
Why do intracellular compartments have a different distribution of fluids compared to extracellular compartments?
Why do intracellular compartments have a different distribution of fluids compared to extracellular compartments?
What makes cell membranes highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to even small ions?
What makes cell membranes highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to even small ions?
Which constituents have low concentrations in extracellular fluid but large amounts in intracellular fluid?
Which constituents have low concentrations in extracellular fluid but large amounts in intracellular fluid?
What is the primary factor determining the distribution of fluids between intra and extracellular compartments?
What is the primary factor determining the distribution of fluids between intra and extracellular compartments?
What causes the higher concentration of anions in interstitial fluid compared with plasma?
What causes the higher concentration of anions in interstitial fluid compared with plasma?
What is the main purpose of the body fluid buffers?
What is the main purpose of the body fluid buffers?
How much H+ is ingested or produced each day by metabolism?
How much H+ is ingested or produced each day by metabolism?
Which buffer system is quantitatively the most important in the extracellular fluid?
Which buffer system is quantitatively the most important in the extracellular fluid?
What two ingredients make up the bicarbonate buffer system?
What two ingredients make up the bicarbonate buffer system?
Where is carbonic anhydrase enzyme especially abundant?
Where is carbonic anhydrase enzyme especially abundant?
What reaction forms H2CO3 in the body?
What reaction forms H2CO3 in the body?
Where does CO2 react with H2O to form H2CO3?
Where does CO2 react with H2O to form H2CO3?
What would happen without buffering in relation to acids produced by the body each day?
What would happen without buffering in relation to acids produced by the body each day?
What happens to H2CO3 formation if carbonic anhydrase is not present?
What happens to H2CO3 formation if carbonic anhydrase is not present?
What are the main components of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What are the main components of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the most common form of muscular dystrophy?
What is the most common form of muscular dystrophy?
Which gene mutation is responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Which gene mutation is responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
What effect does abnormal dystrophin have on muscle cells?
What effect does abnormal dystrophin have on muscle cells?
Which metabolic system is NOT important for understanding the limits of physical activity?
Which metabolic system is NOT important for understanding the limits of physical activity?
What is the source of energy used to cause muscle contraction?
What is the source of energy used to cause muscle contraction?
Which bonds in ATP are designated as high energy bonds and are removed successively to release energy?
Which bonds in ATP are designated as high energy bonds and are removed successively to release energy?
What happens when the first phosphate from ATP is removed?
What happens when the first phosphate from ATP is removed?
What happens when the second phosphate from ATP is removed?
What happens when the second phosphate from ATP is removed?
Which of the following best describes a strong base?
Which of the following best describes a strong base?
What is the normal blood H+ concentration?
What is the normal blood H+ concentration?
In the context of acid–base regulation, which molecule is considered a weak base?
In the context of acid–base regulation, which molecule is considered a weak base?
What term refers to the excess removal of H+ from the body fluids?
What term refers to the excess removal of H+ from the body fluids?
What is a characteristic of weak acids in terms of releasing H+?
What is a characteristic of weak acids in terms of releasing H+?
What happens under extreme conditions to the blood H+ concentration?
What happens under extreme conditions to the blood H+ concentration?
What is the main reason for referring to alkalosis as the excess removal of H+ from body fluids?
What is the main reason for referring to alkalosis as the excess removal of H+ from body fluids?
What is a distinguishing factor between strong and weak acids?
What is a distinguishing factor between strong and weak acids?
What is the primary function of the kidneys in preventing the loss of bicarbonate in the urine?
What is the primary function of the kidneys in preventing the loss of bicarbonate in the urine?
In alkalosis, what happens to the extracellular fluid H+ concentration?
In alkalosis, what happens to the extracellular fluid H+ concentration?
What effect does acidosis have on the kidneys' secretion and reabsorption processes?
What effect does acidosis have on the kidneys' secretion and reabsorption processes?
What is the consequence of reducing the extracellular fluid H+ concentration back toward normal in alkalosis?
What is the consequence of reducing the extracellular fluid H+ concentration back toward normal in alkalosis?
What is the role of secreted H+ in the process of reabsorbing filtered HCO3−?
What is the role of secreted H+ in the process of reabsorbing filtered HCO3−?
What happens to the excretion of bicarbonate in alkalosis?
What happens to the excretion of bicarbonate in alkalosis?
How do the kidneys respond in acidosis?
How do the kidneys respond in acidosis?
What reaction must occur to enable reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate?
What reaction must occur to enable reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate?
What happens when a strong acid like HCl is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
What happens when a strong acid like HCl is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
What occurs when a strong base like NaOH is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
What occurs when a strong base like NaOH is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
What is the effect of adding a strong acid to the bicarbonate buffer solution on the production of CO2 and H2O?
What is the effect of adding a strong acid to the bicarbonate buffer solution on the production of CO2 and H2O?
What reaction forms additional HCO3− when a strong base like NaOH is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
What reaction forms additional HCO3− when a strong base like NaOH is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
How does a strong acid like HCl affect the H+ concentration in the extracellular fluid?
How does a strong acid like HCl affect the H+ concentration in the extracellular fluid?
What is the result of a strong base like NaOH being added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
What is the result of a strong base like NaOH being added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
How is the increased CO2 from strong acid addition eliminated from the extracellular fluid?
How is the increased CO2 from strong acid addition eliminated from the extracellular fluid?
What does the weak dissociation of H2CO3 result in?
What does the weak dissociation of H2CO3 result in?
How does a strong base like NaOH affect the formation of additional HCO3−?
How does a strong base like NaOH affect the formation of additional HCO3−?
How is increased CO2 eliminated from the extracellular fluid after strong acid addition?
How is increased CO2 eliminated from the extracellular fluid after strong acid addition?
What is the net result of the decrease in H2CO3 concentration in the blood?
What is the net result of the decrease in H2CO3 concentration in the blood?
How is the rise in blood HCO3− concentration compensated for?
How is the rise in blood HCO3− concentration compensated for?
Why are proteins plentiful buffers in the body?
Why are proteins plentiful buffers in the body?
In what proportion does the pH of cells change in relation to extracellular fluid changes?
In what proportion does the pH of cells change in relation to extracellular fluid changes?
What happens when a strong base like NaOH is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
What happens when a strong base like NaOH is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?
What occurs with the diffusion of H+ and HCO3− through the cell membrane?
What occurs with the diffusion of H+ and HCO3− through the cell membrane?
Why does the decreased CO2 in the blood inhibit respiration?
Why does the decreased CO2 in the blood inhibit respiration?
What is the primary purpose of the phosphocreatine system in muscle cells?
What is the primary purpose of the phosphocreatine system in muscle cells?
In terms of energy content, how does the bond in phosphocreatine compare to that in ATP?
In terms of energy content, how does the bond in phosphocreatine compare to that in ATP?
How long can the combined amounts of cell ATP and phosphocreatine provide maximal power for muscle contraction?
How long can the combined amounts of cell ATP and phosphocreatine provide maximal power for muscle contraction?
What is the main function of the glycogen-lactic acid system in muscle cells?
What is the main function of the glycogen-lactic acid system in muscle cells?
What is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction during short bursts of maximal power?
What is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction during short bursts of maximal power?
What happens to phosphocreatine in order to release large amounts of energy?
What happens to phosphocreatine in order to release large amounts of energy?
Why is the amount of phosphocreatine important for muscle power?
Why is the amount of phosphocreatine important for muscle power?
What happens when a hypertonic solution is added to the extracellular fluid?
What happens when a hypertonic solution is added to the extracellular fluid?
What is the main effect of adding isotonic saline to the extracellular fluid compartment?
What is the main effect of adding isotonic saline to the extracellular fluid compartment?
What occurs when a hypotonic solution is added to the extracellular fluid?
What occurs when a hypotonic solution is added to the extracellular fluid?
Which solution is widely used for intravenous administration when people cannot ingest enough nutrition?
Which solution is widely used for intravenous administration when people cannot ingest enough nutrition?
What is the effect of adding a hypertonic solution to the extracellular fluid on intracellular and extracellular volumes?
What is the effect of adding a hypertonic solution to the extracellular fluid on intracellular and extracellular volumes?
Which type of solution causes a decrease in osmolarity when added to the extracellular fluid?
Which type of solution causes a decrease in osmolarity when added to the extracellular fluid?
What happens if a person cannot ingest enough nutrition?
What happens if a person cannot ingest enough nutrition?
What is the physiological effect of impairment of lung function on CO2 elimination?
What is the physiological effect of impairment of lung function on CO2 elimination?
How do the kidneys respond to metabolic acidosis?
How do the kidneys respond to metabolic acidosis?
What happens if more H+ is secreted than HCO3- is filtered by the kidneys?
What happens if more H+ is secreted than HCO3- is filtered by the kidneys?
What is the primary mechanism for removal of nonvolatile acids from the body?
What is the primary mechanism for removal of nonvolatile acids from the body?
How are large amounts of HCO3- filtered continuously into the tubules used by the kidneys?
How are large amounts of HCO3- filtered continuously into the tubules used by the kidneys?
What is a distinguishing feature of nonvolatile acids?
What is a distinguishing feature of nonvolatile acids?
What is the role of renal control in acid–base balance?
What is the role of renal control in acid–base balance?
How does impairment of lung function affect the ability to respond to metabolic acidosis?
How does impairment of lung function affect the ability to respond to metabolic acidosis?
Why does excreting acidic urine reduce the amount of acid in extracellular fluid?
Why does excreting acidic urine reduce the amount of acid in extracellular fluid?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Hematocrit Values
- Normal hematocrit value in men: 0.40-0.54
- Normal hematocrit value in women: 0.37-0.48
- Hematocrit is the fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells
Causes of Hematocrit Changes
- Hematocrit can fall to as low as 0.10 due to anemia or blood loss
- Polycythemia can lead to a rise in hematocrit to 0.65
Plasma and Interstitial Fluid
- Main difference between plasma and interstitial fluid: concentration of ions
- Plasma has a slightly greater concentration of positively charged ions than interstitial fluid
- Capillary wall separates plasma and interstitial fluid
Semicircular Ducts and Ampulla
- Semicircular ducts and ampulla are filled with endolymph
- Crista ampullaris is a small crest in the ampulla
- Cupula bends to one side due to the flow of endolymph
- Three semicircular ducts are arranged at right angles to each other
- When a person's head rotates, the fluid in the ducts lags behind, causing the cupula to bend
- The sensory organ of the ampulla is excited by the bending of the cupula
Body Fluid Compartments
- Intracellular fluid contains only small quantities of sodium and chloride ions
- Extracellular fluid is distributed between the plasma and interstitial spaces
- Cell membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions
- Constituents with low concentrations in extracellular fluid but large amounts in intracellular fluid: potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
- The primary factor determining the distribution of fluids between intra and extracellular compartments is the concentration of ions
Body Fluid Buffers
- The main purpose of body fluid buffers is to maintain a stable pH
- 50-100 mmol of H+ is ingested or produced each day by metabolism
- The bicarbonate buffer system is the most important in the extracellular fluid
- The bicarbonate buffer system consists of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
- Carbonic anhydrase enzyme is especially abundant in red blood cells
- The reaction that forms H2CO3 in the body is: CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
- Without buffering, the concentration of H+ would increase, leading to acidosis
Muscular Dystrophy
- The most common form of muscular dystrophy is Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for dystrophin
- Abnormal dystrophin leads to muscle cell degeneration and weakness
Muscle Contraction
- The source of energy used to cause muscle contraction is ATP
- The bonds in ATP that are designated as high energy bonds are the phosphate bonds
- When the first phosphate from ATP is removed, energy is released
- When the second phosphate from ATP is removed, more energy is released
Acid-Base Regulation
- A strong base is a compound that completely dissociates in water
- The normal blood H+ concentration is 0.00004 mmol/L
- Weak acids, such as bicarbonate, release H+ slowly
- Under extreme conditions, the blood H+ concentration can increase or decrease
- Alkalosis is characterized by an excess removal of H+ from the body fluids
- The kidneys play a crucial role in preventing the loss of bicarbonate in the urine
- In alkalosis, the extracellular fluid H+ concentration decreases
- In acidosis, the kidneys increase secretion and reabsorption of H+ and HCO3-
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
