Fluid Compartments and Ion Concentrations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal hematocrit value in men?

  • 0.36
  • 0.65
  • 0.10
  • 0.40 (correct)

    • What is the normal hematocrit value in women?

  • 0.65
  • 0.36 (correct)
  • 0.40
  • 0.10

    • What is the fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells?

  • 40% (correct)
  • 65%
  • 60%
  • 10%

    • What causes the hematocrit to fall to as low as 0.10?

    <p>Severe anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes polycythemia, leading to a rise in hematocrit to 0.65?

    <p>Excessive production of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?

    <p>$60 ext{%}$ protein content in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does plasma have a slightly greater concentration of positively charged ions than interstitial fluid?

    <p>Due to the Donnan effect caused by plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates plasma and interstitial fluid?

    <p>Highly permeable capillary membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fills the semicircular ducts and the ampulla?

    <p>Endolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure has a small crest called a crista ampullaris?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the cupula to bend to one side?

    <p>Inertia of the fluid in the semicircular ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the three semicircular ducts arranged?

    <p>At right angles to one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person's head rotates in any direction?

    <p>Fluid flows through the duct and ampulla, bending the cupula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What excites the sensory organ of the ampulla?

    <p>Flow of endolymph through the ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located on top of the small crest called a crista ampullaris?

    <p>Cupula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes fluid to flow from the duct and through its ampulla?

    <p>Inertia of the fluid in the semicircular ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the higher concentration of negatively charged ions (anions) in interstitial fluid compared with plasma?

    <p>Repulsion by the negative charges of plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the intracellular fluid contain only small quantities of sodium and chloride ions?

    <p>Selective permeability of the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the relative amounts of extracellular fluid distributed between the plasma and interstitial spaces?

    <p>Balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across the capillary membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do intracellular compartments have a different distribution of fluids compared to extracellular compartments?

    <p>Mainly due to the osmotic effect of smaller solutes acting across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes cell membranes highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to even small ions?

    <p>Selective permeability of the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which constituents have low concentrations in extracellular fluid but large amounts in intracellular fluid?

    <p>Potassium and phosphate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor determining the distribution of fluids between intra and extracellular compartments?

    <p>Osmotic effect of smaller solutes acting across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the higher concentration of anions in interstitial fluid compared with plasma?

    <p>Repulsion by the negative charges of plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the body fluid buffers?

    <p>To neutralize the acids produced by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much H+ is ingested or produced each day by metabolism?

    <p>About 80 milliequivalents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system is quantitatively the most important in the extracellular fluid?

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two ingredients make up the bicarbonate buffer system?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is carbonic anhydrase enzyme especially abundant?

    <p>In the walls of lung alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction forms H2CO3 in the body?

    <p>$CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does CO2 react with H2O to form H2CO3?

    <p>In the walls of lung alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen without buffering in relation to acids produced by the body each day?

    <p>$H^+$ concentration in body fluids would cause lethal changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to H2CO3 formation if carbonic anhydrase is not present?

    <p>$H_2CO_3$ formation decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of the bicarbonate buffer system?

    <p>$NaHCO_3$ and $H_2CO_3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutation is responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Mutation in the gene encoding dystrophin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does abnormal dystrophin have on muscle cells?

    <p>Increases membrane permeability to calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic system is NOT important for understanding the limits of physical activity?

    <p>Krebs cycle system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of energy used to cause muscle contraction?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bonds in ATP are designated as high energy bonds and are removed successively to release energy?

    <p>~ between the second and third phosphate radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the first phosphate from ATP is removed?

    <p>ADP is formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the second phosphate from ATP is removed?

    <p>$AMP$ is formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a strong base?

    <p>A base that reacts rapidly and strongly with H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal blood H+ concentration?

    <p>40 nEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of acid–base regulation, which molecule is considered a weak base?

    <p>HCO3−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the excess removal of H+ from the body fluids?

    <p>Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of weak acids in terms of releasing H+?

    <p>They are less likely to dissociate their ions and release H+ with less vigor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens under extreme conditions to the blood H+ concentration?

    <p>It can vary from as low as 10 nEq/L to as high as 160 nEq/L without resulting in death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for referring to alkalosis as the excess removal of H+ from body fluids?

    <p>Because it involves the rapid removal of H+ from body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing factor between strong and weak acids?

    <p>Weak acids are more likely to dissociate their ions and release H+ with less vigor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in preventing the loss of bicarbonate in the urine?

    <p>Reabsorption of HCO3− and excretion of H+ through the process of H+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In alkalosis, what happens to the extracellular fluid H+ concentration?

    <p>It increases towards normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does acidosis have on the kidneys' secretion and reabsorption processes?

    <p>The kidneys secrete more H+ and reabsorb all the filtered HCO3−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reducing the extracellular fluid H+ concentration back toward normal in alkalosis?

    <p>Addition of more H+ to the extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of secreted H+ in the process of reabsorbing filtered HCO3−?

    <p>React with filtered HCO3− to form H2CO3 before its reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the excretion of bicarbonate in alkalosis?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys respond in acidosis?

    <p>Secrete additional H+ and produce new bicarbonate to reduce extracellular fluid H+ concentration back toward normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction must occur to enable reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate?

    <p>HCO3− must react with a secreted H+ to form H2CO3 before it can be reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a strong acid like HCl is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?

    <p>The H+ released from the acid reacts with HCO3− to form H2CO3, leading to increased CO2 and H2O production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a strong base like NaOH is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?

    <p>The OH− from NaOH combines with H2CO3 to form additional HCO3−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding a strong acid to the bicarbonate buffer solution on the production of CO2 and H2O?

    <p>Increased production of CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction forms additional HCO3− when a strong base like NaOH is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?

    <p>NaOH + HCO3− → NaHCO3 + OH−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a strong acid like HCl affect the H+ concentration in the extracellular fluid?

    <p>Increases the H+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a strong base like NaOH being added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?

    <p>Increases the concentration of HCO3−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the increased CO2 from strong acid addition eliminated from the extracellular fluid?

    <p>Greatly stimulates respiration, which eliminates the excess CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the weak dissociation of H2CO3 result in?

    <p>Extremely low H+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a strong base like NaOH affect the formation of additional HCO3−?

    <p>Forms additional HCO3−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is increased CO2 eliminated from the extracellular fluid after strong acid addition?

    <p>Greatly stimulates respiration, which eliminates excess CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of the decrease in H2CO3 concentration in the blood?

    <p>A tendency for CO2 levels in the blood to decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the rise in blood HCO3− concentration compensated for?

    <p>By decreased renal excretion of HCO3−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are proteins plentiful buffers in the body?

    <p>Because of their high concentrations in the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what proportion does the pH of cells change in relation to extracellular fluid changes?

    <p>Directly proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a strong base like NaOH is added to the bicarbonate buffer solution?

    <p>It affects the formation of additional HCO3−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs with the diffusion of H+ and HCO3− through the cell membrane?

    <p>Requires several hours to reach equilibrium with the extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the decreased CO2 in the blood inhibit respiration?

    <p>As a result of decreased CO2 expiration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the phosphocreatine system in muscle cells?

    <p>To provide instant energy for muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of energy content, how does the bond in phosphocreatine compare to that in ATP?

    <p>The bond in phosphocreatine has more energy than that in ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can the combined amounts of cell ATP and phosphocreatine provide maximal power for muscle contraction?

    <p>8-10 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glycogen-lactic acid system in muscle cells?

    <p>To provide energy by splitting stored glycogen into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction during short bursts of maximal power?

    <p>Phosphocreatine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to phosphocreatine in order to release large amounts of energy?

    <p>It decomposes to creatine and a phosphate ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the amount of phosphocreatine important for muscle power?

    <p>It provides instant energy for muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a hypertonic solution is added to the extracellular fluid?

    <p>The extracellular osmolarity increases, causing osmosis of water out of the cells and into the extracellular compartment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of adding isotonic saline to the extracellular fluid compartment?

    <p>An increase in extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a hypotonic solution is added to the extracellular fluid?

    <p>The osmolarity decreases, and some of the extracellular water diffuses into the cells until both have the same osmolarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is widely used for intravenous administration when people cannot ingest enough nutrition?

    <p>Glucose solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding a hypertonic solution to the extracellular fluid on intracellular and extracellular volumes?

    <p>An increase in extracellular volume and a decrease in intracellular volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of solution causes a decrease in osmolarity when added to the extracellular fluid?

    <p>Hypotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a person cannot ingest enough nutrition?

    <p>Intravenous administration of glucose solutions may be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological effect of impairment of lung function on CO2 elimination?

    <p>Decreased CO2 elimination leading to a buildup of CO2 in the extracellular fluid and/or respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys respond to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>By excreting acidic urine to reduce the amount of acid in extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if more H+ is secreted than HCO3- is filtered by the kidneys?

    <p>There will be a net loss of acid from the extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for removal of nonvolatile acids from the body?

    <p>Renal excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are large amounts of HCO3- filtered continuously into the tubules used by the kidneys?

    <p>To remove base from the blood if excreted into the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of nonvolatile acids?

    <p>They are not H2CO3 and cannot be excreted by the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of renal control in acid–base balance?

    <p>By excreting acidic or basic urine to regulate extracellular fluid pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does impairment of lung function affect the ability to respond to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Prevents reductions in Pco2 that would normally occur by increased ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does excreting acidic urine reduce the amount of acid in extracellular fluid?

    <p>It removes excess acid from extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematocrit Values

    • Normal hematocrit value in men: 0.40-0.54
    • Normal hematocrit value in women: 0.37-0.48
    • Hematocrit is the fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells

    Causes of Hematocrit Changes

    • Hematocrit can fall to as low as 0.10 due to anemia or blood loss
    • Polycythemia can lead to a rise in hematocrit to 0.65

    Plasma and Interstitial Fluid

    • Main difference between plasma and interstitial fluid: concentration of ions
    • Plasma has a slightly greater concentration of positively charged ions than interstitial fluid
    • Capillary wall separates plasma and interstitial fluid

    Semicircular Ducts and Ampulla

    • Semicircular ducts and ampulla are filled with endolymph
    • Crista ampullaris is a small crest in the ampulla
    • Cupula bends to one side due to the flow of endolymph
    • Three semicircular ducts are arranged at right angles to each other
    • When a person's head rotates, the fluid in the ducts lags behind, causing the cupula to bend
    • The sensory organ of the ampulla is excited by the bending of the cupula

    Body Fluid Compartments

    • Intracellular fluid contains only small quantities of sodium and chloride ions
    • Extracellular fluid is distributed between the plasma and interstitial spaces
    • Cell membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions
    • Constituents with low concentrations in extracellular fluid but large amounts in intracellular fluid: potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
    • The primary factor determining the distribution of fluids between intra and extracellular compartments is the concentration of ions

    Body Fluid Buffers

    • The main purpose of body fluid buffers is to maintain a stable pH
    • 50-100 mmol of H+ is ingested or produced each day by metabolism
    • The bicarbonate buffer system is the most important in the extracellular fluid
    • The bicarbonate buffer system consists of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
    • Carbonic anhydrase enzyme is especially abundant in red blood cells
    • The reaction that forms H2CO3 in the body is: CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
    • Without buffering, the concentration of H+ would increase, leading to acidosis

    Muscular Dystrophy

    • The most common form of muscular dystrophy is Duchenne muscular dystrophy
    • Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for dystrophin
    • Abnormal dystrophin leads to muscle cell degeneration and weakness

    Muscle Contraction

    • The source of energy used to cause muscle contraction is ATP
    • The bonds in ATP that are designated as high energy bonds are the phosphate bonds
    • When the first phosphate from ATP is removed, energy is released
    • When the second phosphate from ATP is removed, more energy is released

    Acid-Base Regulation

    • A strong base is a compound that completely dissociates in water
    • The normal blood H+ concentration is 0.00004 mmol/L
    • Weak acids, such as bicarbonate, release H+ slowly
    • Under extreme conditions, the blood H+ concentration can increase or decrease
    • Alkalosis is characterized by an excess removal of H+ from the body fluids
    • The kidneys play a crucial role in preventing the loss of bicarbonate in the urine
    • In alkalosis, the extracellular fluid H+ concentration decreases
    • In acidosis, the kidneys increase secretion and reabsorption of H+ and HCO3-

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of fluid compartments and ion concentrations with this quiz. Explore the differences in ion concentrations between interstitial fluid, plasma, and intracellular fluid.

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