Fluid Compartments and Body Fluid Volume
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of hypokalemia in terms of serum potassium levels?

  • < 3.5 mmol/L (correct)
  • > 3.5 mmol/L
  • < 2.0 mmol/L
  • > 4.0 mmol/L

    • What causes pseudo hyponatremia?

  • Excessive sodium retention
  • Low serum osmolality
  • High levels of glucose in the blood (correct)
  • Inadequate potassium intake

    • Which formula is used to calculate corrected sodium levels considering excess glucose?

  • Corrected Na+ = Na+ + (excess glucose x 0.3) (correct)
  • Corrected Na+ = Na+ - (excess glucose x 0.3)
  • Corrected Na+ = Na+ - (excess glucose x 1.6)
  • Corrected Na+ = Na+ + (excess glucose x 1.6)

    • How does hyperglycemia affect serum sodium levels?

    <p>It dilutes serum sodium levels due to osmotic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for serum osmolality?

    <p>280 to 300 mOsm/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate serum osmolality?

    <p>2 x [Na+] + glucose + urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition indicates a serum osmolal gap greater than normal?

    <p>Ethanol ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a normal serum osmolal gap range?

    <p>5 – 15 mosmol/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as hyponatremia?

    <p>Sodium level less than 135 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary respiratory response to metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Hypoventilation to conserve CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does plasma osmolality compare between osmolarity and osmolality?

    <p>Osmolarity is affected by temperature, whereas osmolality is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances contribute to the osmolal gap when present in high amounts?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys respond to respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Conserve bicarbonate and excrete H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a serum osmolality of 300 mosmol/kg indicate?

    <p>Sign of dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limits the renal response in metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>The K+-H+ exchange mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serum sodium level is classified as hypernatremia?

    <p>Greater than 150 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the renal response to respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Decreased production of bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the efficiency of respiratory compensation for different acid-base imbalances?

    <p>Respiratory compensation is less efficient for alkalosis compared to acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>ICF differs in composition due to the separation by the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypervolemia indicate about body fluid volume?

    <p>Increased body fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of water during osmosis?

    <p>Water moves from a diluted solution to a concentrated solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is osmotic pressure defined in the context of solutions?

    <p>Pressure applied to stop the dilution of a solution by osmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between osmotic pressure and the concentration of solute particles?

    <p>Osmotic pressure increases with a higher number of solute particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between osmolality and osmolarity?

    <p>Osmolality refers to the number of dissolved particles per kilogram of solution, while osmolarity refers to particles per liter of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher osmolality indicate about a serum solution?

    <p>It contains more particles in the serum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines euvolemia?

    <p>Normal body fluid volume and distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH level indicates acidosis in arterial blood?

    <p>pH &lt; 7.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metabolic acidosis, what happens to the bicarbonate levels?

    <p>They decrease below 24 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by pCO2 > 40 mm Hg and HCO3- < 24 mmol/L?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the simultaneous coexistence of two or more primary acid-base disorders?

    <p>Mixed acid-base disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pCO2 levels in respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>They decrease below 40 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which disorder is pH typically greater than 7.4?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs to HCO3- in metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>It increases above 24 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low pCO2 indicate in the context of acid-base balance?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition corresponds to high HCO3- and high pCO2 levels?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common respiratory compensation in response to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Decrease pCO2 by 1.2 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fluid Compartments

    • Intracellular fluid (ICF) constitutes two-thirds of total body fluid in adults.
    • Extracellular fluid (ECF) accounts for one-third of total body fluid.
    • ICF and ECF have distinct compositions due to cell membrane separation.

    Body Fluid Volume States

    • Euvolemia indicates normal fluid volume.
    • Hypervolemia represents increased body fluid (weight gain).
    • Hypovolemia indicates decreased body fluid (weight loss).

    Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

    • Osmosis is the movement of water from a low concentration to a high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.
    • Osmotic pressure is the pressure needed to prevent dilution from water movement, influenced by solute concentration.
    • Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, correlated with the number of particles, not their chemical identity.

    Osmolality vs. Osmolarity

    • Osmolality measures solute concentration in osmoles per kilogram of solvent, independent of temperature and pressure (normal: 280-298 mosmol/kg).
    • Osmolarity measures solute concentration in osmoles per liter of solvent and is affected by temperature and pressure.
    • Calculated serum osmolality formula: 2 x [Na+] + glucose + urea (all in mmol/L).

    Serum Osmolal Gap

    • The osmolal gap indicates unmeasured solutes in the blood, with a normal range of 5-15 mosmol/kg.
    • Significant gaps may arise from substances like alcohols or metabolic conditions (ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis).

    Electrolyte Disturbances

    • Hyponatremia: Serum sodium < 135 mmol/L; can be mild (< 135) or severe (< 125).
    • Hypernatremia: Serum sodium > 150 mmol/L.
    • Hypokalemia: Serum potassium < 3.5 mmol/L.
    • Hyperkalemia: Serum potassium > 5.0 mmol/L.

    Pseudo Hyponatremia

    • Characterized by normal osmolality yet decreased sodium due to conditions like hyperglycemia.
    • Corrected sodium can be calculated using Corrected Na+ = Na+ + (excess glucose x 0.3).

    Anion Gap (AG)

    • AG is the difference between cations and anions; normal physiological balance maintains electrostatic neutrality.
    • In metabolic alkalosis, the respiratory system compensates by elevating blood CO2 through hypoventilation, but this response is limited.

    Renal/Metabolic Compensation

    • Kidneys regulate pH through the reabsorption and excretion of acids and bases.
    • In respiratory acidosis, kidneys conserve bicarbonate and secrete H+ to restore balance.
    • In respiratory alkalosis, kidneys reduce bicarbonate production and reabsorb H+.

    Acid-Base Disorders

    • Acidosis is represented by pH < 7.4; alkalosis by pH > 7.4.
    • Criteria for metabolic acidosis: HCO3- < 24 mmol/L; for respiratory acidosis: PCO2 > 40 mm Hg.
    • Mixed acid-base disorders involve multiple primary disorders occurring simultaneously in a patient.

    Simple Acid-Base Disorders

    • Metabolic acidosis: low pH, low HCO3-, low PCO2.
    • Respiratory acidosis: low pH, high HCO3-, high PCO2.
    • Metabolic alkalosis: high pH, high HCO3-, high PCO2.
    • Respiratory alkalosis: high pH, low HCO3-, low PCO2.

    Mixed Acid-Base Disorders

    • Mixed disorders involve coexisting primary acid-base derangements, impacting diagnosis and management strategies.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on fluid compartments, body fluid volume states, osmosis, and the differences between osmolality and osmolarity. Understand the roles of intracellular and extracellular fluids, as well as the significance of fluid volume changes in the body. This quiz will enhance your comprehension of key physiological concepts related to body fluids.

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