Podcast
Questions and Answers
How does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) contribute to fluid balance in the body?
How does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) contribute to fluid balance in the body?
- By increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to fluid retention.
- By promoting sodium excretion, increasing urine output, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (correct)
- By stimulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which increases blood pressure.
- By inhibiting urine output, which helps to conserve fluid volume.
Blockage of lymphatic vessels by filarial worms is the primary cause of which condition?
Blockage of lymphatic vessels by filarial worms is the primary cause of which condition?
- Ascites
- Liver cirrhosis
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Elephantiasis (correct)
In a state of fluid overload, what change would be expected in the serum sodium concentration?
In a state of fluid overload, what change would be expected in the serum sodium concentration?
- The sodium concentration increases due to increased sodium intake.
- The sodium concentration remains unchanged regardless of fluid volume.
- The sodium concentration decreases due to the dilution of water (correct)
- The sodium concentration fluctuates erratically without a predictable pattern.
Which laboratory test is most accurate for assessing dehydration status by measuring the proportion of red blood cells in the blood?
Which laboratory test is most accurate for assessing dehydration status by measuring the proportion of red blood cells in the blood?
How does Angiotensin II typically affect blood pressure?
How does Angiotensin II typically affect blood pressure?
Considering total body water distribution, which fluid compartment contains the majority of water?
Considering total body water distribution, which fluid compartment contains the majority of water?
Which condition directly impairs the kidney's ability to maintain oncotic pressure, leading to edema?
Which condition directly impairs the kidney's ability to maintain oncotic pressure, leading to edema?
Which of the following conditions affects the liver's ability to synthesize proteins, leading to decreased oncotic pressure and potential fluid imbalance?
Which of the following conditions affects the liver's ability to synthesize proteins, leading to decreased oncotic pressure and potential fluid imbalance?
During assessment of fluid volume status, which veins are most commonly examined to detect fluid excess?
During assessment of fluid volume status, which veins are most commonly examined to detect fluid excess?
Why might a pregnant woman experience edema particularly during the third trimester?
Why might a pregnant woman experience edema particularly during the third trimester?
What metabolic byproduct contributes to hangover symptoms after alcohol consumption?
What metabolic byproduct contributes to hangover symptoms after alcohol consumption?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate method for confirming an HIV infection?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate method for confirming an HIV infection?
What enzyme is crucial for HIV's replication process, allowing it to convert its RNA into DNA for integration into the host cell's genome?
What enzyme is crucial for HIV's replication process, allowing it to convert its RNA into DNA for integration into the host cell's genome?
What opportunistic neoplasm is frequently observed in patients with HIV, especially those with advanced stages of the disease?
What opportunistic neoplasm is frequently observed in patients with HIV, especially those with advanced stages of the disease?
What is the typical range of CD4+ T-cell count in a healthy, immunocompetent adult?
What is the typical range of CD4+ T-cell count in a healthy, immunocompetent adult?
A patient with HIV is considered to have progressed to AIDS when their CD4+ T-cell count falls below what level?
A patient with HIV is considered to have progressed to AIDS when their CD4+ T-cell count falls below what level?
Following a splenectomy, individuals are at increased risk for infection by which type of bacteria?
Following a splenectomy, individuals are at increased risk for infection by which type of bacteria?
Besides sexual contact, which of the following is a confirmed mode for HIV transmission?
Besides sexual contact, which of the following is a confirmed mode for HIV transmission?
Individuals of African descent with AIDS are most commonly infected with which subtype of HIV?
Individuals of African descent with AIDS are most commonly infected with which subtype of HIV?
Which type of immune cell is the primary target and is subsequently destroyed by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?
Which type of immune cell is the primary target and is subsequently destroyed by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?
Flashcards
Role of ANP
Role of ANP
Maintains fluid balance by promoting sodium excretion, increasing urine output, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Elephantiasis
Elephantiasis
Disease condition where filarial worms obstruct lymphatic vessels causing edema.
Ascites
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Hematocrit
Hematocrit
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Majority of body water location
Majority of body water location
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Conditions that lower oncotic pressure
Conditions that lower oncotic pressure
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Veins to monitor fluid excess
Veins to monitor fluid excess
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Edema in pregnant women cause
Edema in pregnant women cause
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Hangover causes
Hangover causes
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Catabolism
Catabolism
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Systems for metabolism
Systems for metabolism
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Confirmatory test for HIV
Confirmatory test for HIV
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Enzyme produced by HIV
Enzyme produced by HIV
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Common HIV skin tumor
Common HIV skin tumor
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Advanced HIV CD4 count
Advanced HIV CD4 count
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Post-splenectomy infection
Post-splenectomy infection
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HIV transmission modes
HIV transmission modes
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Opportunistic infections with HIV
Opportunistic infections with HIV
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Immune cell destroyed
Immune cell destroyed
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HAART
HAART
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Study Notes
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ANP helps to balance fluid by:
- Promoting sodium excretion via the kidneys,
- Increasing urine output
- Inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood volume and pressure
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Approximately 300 ml of fluid is lost daily through the lungs.
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Elephantiasis is caused by filarial worms obstructing the lymphatic vessels, leading to edema.
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Ascites is the medical term for fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.
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In fluid excess, sodium concentration decreases due to water dilution.
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Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the whole blood and indicates dehydration.
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Angiotensin II is not a vasodilator, therefore does not lower blood pressure.
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The kidneys lose 1.5L of fluid daily.
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The majority of water in the body is found in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment.
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Nephrotic syndrome and liver cirrhosis are two diseases that can lower oncotic pressure.
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Plasma oncotic pressure must be lower than capillary hydrostatic pressure for filtration to occur.
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Jugular veins are typically used to monitor fluid excess.
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Edema in late-term pregnant women is due to compression of the inferior vena cava by the growing uterus.
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Hangovers are caused by:
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Accumulation of toxic byproducts like acetaldehyde from alcohol metabolism
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Catabolism consists of molecules such as fats breaking down into fatty acids & glycerol, or proteins breaking down into amino acids.
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The endocrine and nervous systems work together for proper metabolism.
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Western Blot or HIV-1/HIV-2 differentiation immunoassay are confirmatory tests for HIV.
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Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme produced by HIV to convert RNA into DNA.
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Kaposi sarcoma is a skin tumor commonly seen in HIV patients.
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A normal CD4 count is 600-1200 ML
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CD4 counts <200 MM3 indicates advanced HIV.
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