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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of maintaining fluid balance in the body?
Which of the following is a characteristic of hypokalemia?
What type of IV fluid is 0.45% saline?
What is a contraindication for IV fluid administration?
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What is a common clinical sign of dehydration?
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What laboratory test is used to assess dehydration?
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What is the classification for a 7% fluid loss?
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What is the primary indication for IV fluid administration?
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What is the osmolarity range for isotonic IV fluids?
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Study Notes
Fluid Balance
- Input: Fluid intake from oral/parenteral sources, hormonal regulation
- Output: Urine, feces, sweat, insensible losses (breathing, skin)
- Balance: Input = Output; maintains blood volume, blood pressure, and tissue perfusion
Electrolyte Imbalance
- Hypokalemia (K+ < 3.5 mmol/L): muscle weakness, fatigue, cardiac arrhythmias
- Hyperkalemia (K+ > 5.5 mmol/L): cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness
- Hyponatremia (Na+ < 135 mmol/L): headache, nausea, seizures
- Hypernatremia (Na+ > 145 mmol/L): thirst, dry mouth, seizures
- Hypocalcemia (Ca2+ < 2.2 mmol/L): muscle cramps, twitching, tetany
- Hypercalcemia (Ca2+ > 2.6 mmol/L): muscle weakness, polyuria, kidney stones
IV Fluid Administration
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Types of IV Fluids:
- Isotonic (280-300 mOsm/L): normal saline, lactated Ringer's
- Hypotonic (< 280 mOsm/L): 0.45% saline, 2.5% dextrose
- Hypertonic (> 300 mOsm/L): 3% saline, 7.5% dextrose
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Indications:
- Dehydration
- Hypovolemic shock
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Medication administration
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Contraindications:
- Fluid overload
- Heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
Dehydration Assessment
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Clinical Signs:
- Dry mucous membranes
- Decreased skin turgor
- Decreased urine output
- Sunken eyes
- Thirst
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Laboratory Tests:
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels
- Urine specific gravity
- Serum osmolality
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Dehydration Classification:
- Mild: 3-5% fluid loss
- Moderate: 5-10% fluid loss
- Severe: >10% fluid loss
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Description
Test your knowledge of fluid balance, electrolyte imbalance, IV fluid administration, and dehydration assessment. Learn to identify and manage different types of fluid and electrolyte disorders.
