Fluid and Electrolytes Overview

<p>Isotonic solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2,400ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweating (A), Skin diffusion (C), Defecation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>135-145 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They occur independently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyponatremia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining fluid and acid-base balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium (K+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oedema formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mill-equivalents per liter (mEq/L) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating electrical energy transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interstitial fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need for water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retention of sodium and excretion of potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient intake of fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through perspiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age of the individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60-70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70-80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases due to body tissue changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintain homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>17,000 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrolyte and water disturbances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid accumulation within the intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shortness of breath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium excess (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>600 to 1,000 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total cations equal total anions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluid found outside the cells, composed of interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid.

Fluid in the spaces between cells, about 15% of total body weight.

Fluid within blood and lymph vessels, about 5% of total body weight.

Water movement across a semi-permeable membrane from lower to higher solute concentration until equilibrium.

Charged particles in body fluids, like potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+).

Body fluids are found in two main compartments: Intracellular fluid (inside cells) and Extracellular fluid (outside cells).

Fluid inside the body's cells.

Fluid outside the body's cells.

About 60% of an adult's body weight is water.

Infants have a higher percentage of fluid in their body weight (75-80%).

Elderly people have a lower percentage of fluid in their body weight compared to young adults (45-60%).

Body fluids maintain blood volume, aid digestion, transport materials, support metabolism, excrete waste, and regulate temperature.

The body needs to maintain the correct amount of water and salts (electrolytes) in the right places for proper bodily functions.

Diarrhea can lead to significant fluid loss, potentially up to 17,000 ml per day.

Intestinal suction, a medical procedure, can result in a daily fluid loss of 3,000 ml.

Abnormal connections (fistulas) between body parts, often involving the intestines, can cause fluid loss.

Blockage in the intestines prevents fluid movement, leading to fluid buildup and loss of absorption.

Gastrointestinal disturbances can lead to metabolic acidosis, a condition where the blood is too acidic.

Oozing fluids from wounds can cause loss of protein, sodium, and extracellular fluid.

Heavy sweating can result in loss of water, sodium, and chloride, leading to dehydration.

The body loses water through breathing and skin, amounting to 600-1000 ml daily.

Charged particles (like sodium and potassium) found in body fluids that play vital roles in fluid balance, nerve function, muscle contraction, and many other processes.

Body fluids are divided into two main compartments: intracellular fluid (ICF) inside cells and extracellular fluid (ECF) outside cells.

Electrolytes create osmotic pressure, attracting water to specific compartments. This helps keep the right amount of fluid in each area of your body.

Serum albumin is a protein found in blood plasma. It helps to keep water within the blood vessels, preventing fluid from leaking out into surrounding tissues.

The kidneys act as filters, controlling what substances are retained or excreted from the body. They help regulate overall fluid volume, electrolyte concentrations, pH balance, and blood pressure.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls water reabsorption, while aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion.

Besides the kidneys, other mechanisms include the gastrointestinal tract (absorbing fluids and electrolytes), thirst (motivating fluid intake), lungs (losing water vapor), skin (sweating), and hormonal control.

Losing serum albumin can lead to edema (swelling) as fluid leaks from the blood vessels into surrounding tissues. This is because the protein that normally holds water within the blood vessels is now reduced.

The body's ability to maintain a stable amount of water and electrolytes. Intake must equal output.

Disruption in the normal balance of electrolytes in the body. Can be primary (occurring independently) or secondary (resulting from another condition).

The main cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that controls fluid volume, osmotic pressure of ECF, helps with nerve impulses, and regulates blood volume.

Low sodium levels in the blood (< 135 mEq/L).

The typical range of sodium levels in the blood is 135-145 mEq/L.

The gastrointestinal tract absorbs approximately 7-9 liters of glandular and gastrointestinal secretions daily, primarily in the small intestine through water and solute reabsorption.

The bowel typically excretes about 100 ml of water daily, with the majority being reabsorbed.

Conditions like vomiting and diarrhea can lead to significant fluid and electrolyte losses.

Thirst is triggered by a decrease in extracellular fluid volume, indicating the body's need for water. It can be stimulated by increased osmotic pressure, decreased extracellular fluid, and dry mucous membranes in the mouth.

Water is lost during breathing, but the amount is typically small. Increased respiration rate and depth, like during exercise or fever, increase water loss through the lungs.

Water is lost through perspiration, also known as sweating.

ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. It acts on the renal tubules to retain water and decrease urinary output.

Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, works on the renal tubules to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium, increasing blood volume by reabsorbing water along with sodium.