Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary action taken to manage hyponatremia?

  • Administer hypertonic saline solutions
  • Decrease oral Na+ intake (correct)
  • Increase oral Na+ intake
  • Provide IV NaCl infusion

What are the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

  • Decreased urine output and lethargy
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Thirst and confusion (correct)
  • Muscle cramps and bradycardia

Which of the following conditions may cause hypernatremia?

  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Fluid overload
  • Excess oral/IV Na+ intake (correct)
  • Hypovolemia

What diuretic is specifically mentioned for increasing sodium loss in the urine?

<p>Tolvaptan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided in the management of hypernatremia?

<p>High sodium foods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct treatment for SIADH?

<p>Diuretics if due to hypervolemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypernatremia is defined as sodium levels greater than 135 mEq/L.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium in mEq/L?

<p>3.5 - 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

The symptoms of hypernatremia include __________ and agitation.

<p>thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each cause of hypernatremia with its description:

<p>Excess oral/IV Na+ intake = Rapid intake of sodium leading to elevated levels Dehydration = Loss of fluids without adequate replacement Fever = Increased body temperature leading to fluid loss Watery diarrhea = Excessive loss of fluid and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypernatremia

A condition where the body has too much sodium in the blood.

Hyponatremia

A condition where the body has too little sodium in the blood.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)

A condition where the body produces too much ADH, leading to fluid retention and diluted blood.

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Potassium (K)

A major intracellular cation (positive ion) that is essential for fluid balance, muscle contractions, and nerve impulses.

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Hypophysectomy

A surgical procedure that removes the pituitary gland, often performed to treat conditions like tumors or hypersecretion of hormones.

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SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion)

A condition where the body produces too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to fluid retention and diluted blood.

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ADH Antagonist

A medication that blocks the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), often used to treat SIADH.

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SANSCA (Tolvaptan)

A diuretic medication that increases sodium excretion in the urine.

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Hypernatremia Signs and Symptoms

Common symptoms associated with high levels of sodium in the blood (Hypernatremia) include thirst, confusion, restlessness, agitation, and sometimes hypertension.

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Study Notes

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances

  • SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone): Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production by the posterior pituitary gland (hypophysis). A hypophysectomy (surgical removal of the pituitary gland) can be a cause.
    • Management: Increased oral sodium intake, decreased fluid intake, diuretics if hypervolemia present, ADH antagonists (e.g., tolvaptan/SANSCA). If due to hypovolemia, IV NaCl infusions at a slow rate or only in critical situations, to avoid fluid overload. Monitor closely and avoid rapid administration. Sodium capsules (similar to mothballs), and hypertonic saline solutions are used.
    • Treatment: Sodium capsules, hypertonic saline solutions.

Hypernatremia (>145 mEq/L)

  • Definition: Sodium levels greater than 145 milliequivalents per liter.
  • Causes: Increased oral/IV sodium intake (especially rapid intravenous solutions, check for patient sodium intake with PNSS). Excess hypertonic IV fluids, fever, watery diarrhea, dehydration, overproduction of aldosterone (Cushing's syndrome), gastrointestinal tube feedings, and impaired thirst.
  • Signs and Symptoms: Thirst, agitation, confusion, irritability, restlessness, hypertension, fluid retention, and decreased urine output.
  • Management: Decrease oral sodium intake. If due to fluid loss, administer IV infusions slowly to avoid cerebral edema. If due to decreased sodium excretion, provide diuretics that increase sodium loss (e.g., tolvaptan/SANSCA).

Hyponatremia

  • Avoid this condition.

Hypernatremia: Food Sources

  • High sodium foods include soups, canned foods, ham, bacon, sausage, processed foods, cheese, dressings, pizza, hot dogs, and cold cuts.

Potassium

  • Symbol: K (Kalium)
  • Function: Major intracellular cation, regulates fluid balance, muscle contractions, blood pressure, and nerve impulse transmission.
  • Normal Value (NV): 3.5 - 5 mEq/L.
  • Inverse Relationship: Inverse relationship with sodium.
  • Similarities: Similar functions to magnesium.
  • Hypokalemia: A possible issue associated with Potassium imbalances.

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Description

Test your knowledge on fluid and electrolyte imbalances, specifically focusing on conditions like SIADH and hypernatremia. This quiz covers definitions, management strategies, and symptoms related to these imbalances. Ideal for nursing or medical students looking to reinforce their understanding of electrolyte disorders.

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