Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of albumin escaping the capillary wall?

Hypoproteinemia leading to decreased osmotic pressure (correct)

Increased lymphatic drainage

Increased reabsorption of fluids

Decreased hydrostatic pressure

What is a primary role of sodium in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Maintaining fluid balance and action potentials (correct)

Balancing anions between fluid compartments

Facilitating CO2 transport in blood

Neurotransmitter release

Which condition could lead to hypernatremia?

Reduced calcium levels

Decreased sodium output

Excessive fluid intake

Dehydration or increased sodium intake (correct)

How does lymphatic obstruction affect interstitial fluid?

It leads to an excess accumulation of fluids in the interstitial space. Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is most abundant in intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of albumin in the process of reabsorption?

It creates a concentration gradient that draws fluid back into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes filtration in the capillaries?

Blood hydrostatic pressure pumps fluids, solutes, and albumin out of the capillaries. Signup and view all the answers

How do lymphatic capillaries contribute to fluid balance in the body?

They absorb excess fluid left behind in the interstitial space and return it to circulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between active and passive transport of fluids?

Active transport requires ATP while passive transport does not. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the movement of water into a cell during active transport?

The expulsion of potassium ions and the subsequent influx of sodium ions. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

Abnormal increase in blood pressure/volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?

Inhibits the release of renin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes edema?

Abnormal fluid accumulation in interstitial space Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to hypoproteinemia?

Low protein levels in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of pleural effusion?

Fluid accumulation in the thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

How does inflammation contribute to edema?

Increases filtration through more permeable capillary walls Signup and view all the answers

What happens when venous pressure increases in capillaries?

More fluid is filtered out, leading to edema Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of hypoproteinemia?

Inability to draw fluid back into capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?

To regulate osmosis, maintain acid-base balance, and carry electric current Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the distribution of body fluids?

45% of women's body composition is liquids Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of non-electrolytes in the body?

To remain undissociated and serve mainly as organic compounds Signup and view all the answers

According to Sterling's Law of the Capillary, what is the direction of fluid movement?

From intravascular fluid to interstitial fluid, and then to intracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about intracellular fluid (ICF) composition is correct?

It has low sodium and high potassium concentrations Signup and view all the answers

Which of these correctly characterizes interstitial fluid?

It features high concentrations of sodium and bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the body if fluids and electrolytes are not properly balanced?

The body's cells can undergo cellular death Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of extracellular fluid (ECF) is typically blood plasma?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What primarily regulates the gain of water in the body?

Fluid Intake Regulation Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the thirst mechanism in the body?

Decreased blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released when dehydration occurs?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

Increases water absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the RAAS system in fluid balance?

Promotes sodium retention Signup and view all the answers

How does facilitated diffusion differ from osmosis?

Facilitated diffusion relies on carrier/channel proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes diffusion in the context of cell membrane transport?

Nutrients and gases move along the concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences fluid output regulation?

ANP Hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by excessive sodium loss and muscle weakness?

Hyponatremia Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive potassium levels in the body lead to?

Cardiac arrest Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is least likely to cause increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

Hypocalcemia can lead to which of the following symptoms?

Muscle spasms Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by excessive thirst and frequent urination?

Hypercalcemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hyperchloremia?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Excessive intake of which vitamin can lead to hypercalcemia?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by low levels of chloride in the body?

Hypochloremia Signup and view all the answers

What symptom might indicate hyperkalemia?

Shallow respiration Signup and view all the answers

Increased chloride levels can lead to which of the following conditions?

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fluid and Electrolyte Definition

Fluids: Water and dissolved substances within the body's compartments
Electrolytes: Substances that dissociate in water into ions, controlling osmosis, maintaining acid-base balance, and carrying electric current necessary for enzyme activities.
Non-electrolytes: Substances that don't dissociate, aren't electrically charged, and are mainly organic compounds (lipids, glucose, urea, creatinine).
Homeostasis of cells depends on balanced fluids and electrolytes regulating volume, distribution, solute concentrations, and pH.

Body's Fluid Compartments

ICF (Intracellular Fluid): Fluid within cells (cytoplasm)
ECF (Extracellular Fluid):
- Interstitial fluid: Fluid surrounding cells and blood vessels.
- Intravascular fluid: Fluid within arteries and veins (blood plasma)

Body Fluid Distribution

Women: 45% solids, 55% liquids
Men: 40% solids, 60% liquids
2/3 of body fluids are intracellular
1/3 of body fluids are extracellular (80% interstitial, 20% blood plasma)

Composition of Body Fluids

Compartment	Na+	HCO3-	HPO42-	Protein	Potassium	Cl-
Intracellular	Low	None	High	High	Low	High
Interstitial	High	High	None	None	Low	High
Intravascular	High	High	None	High	Low	High

Movement of Fluid: Intravascular → Interstitial

Filtration: Blood hydrostatic pressure pushes fluids, solutes, and albumin out of capillaries at the arteriole end.
Reabsorption: Albumin in the interstitial space creates osmotic pressure, drawing fluid back into the bloodstream.
Lymphatic Capillaries: Excess interstitial fluid is absorbed by lymphatic capillaries and returned to blood.

Movement of Fluid: Interstitial → Intracellular

Active Transport: Protein carriers move ions across cell membranes using ATP (energy).
Passive Transport:
- Osmosis: Water moves across membranes based on concentration gradients
- Facilitated Diffusion: Larger molecules use carrier proteins to move across membranes
- Diffusion: Nutrients, gases, and wastes move across based on concentration gradients
The regulation of fluid balance between compartments is essential.

Fluid Balance

Water gain and loss must be equal.
Major sources of water gain are ingestion.
Loss occurs through urine, feces, sweat, and breath.
Fluid intake is regulated by thirst mechanism, RAAS, and ADH.
Fluid output is regulated by ANP.

Thirst Mechanism

Thirst center in hypothalamus triggered by decreased saliva production, increased blood osmolarity, or decreased blood volume.
Thirst helps restore body water levels.

RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)

A series of chemical reactions that causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water, leading to increased blood volume.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Released by the hypothalamus in response to dehydration, triggering the kidneys to retain water and reduce urine output, increasing blood volume.

Fluid Imbalances

Edema: Abnormal fluid accumulation in interstitial space due to venous pressure, hypoproteinemia, inflammation, or lymphatic obstruction.
Effusion: Fluid accumulation in body cavities (pleural, peritoneal, or pericardial).

Electrolyte Imbalances (Examples)

Hypernatremia: High sodium; symptoms include thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output.
Hyponatremia: Low sodium; symptoms include nausea, confusion, and abdominal cramps.
Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia: High and Low potassium, respectively
Hypercalcemia, Hypocalcemia, Hyperchloremia and Hypochloremia: High and Low calcium, chloride, respectively .
These imbalances can lead to various health problems, and accurate diagnosis and treatment are crucial.

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Description

Test your knowledge on fluids and electrolytes essential for maintaining homeostasis in the human body. This quiz will cover definitions, body fluid compartments, and distribution based on gender. Explore the critical roles of electrolytes and the balance of fluids within cells.