Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Quiz

Water and dissolved substances in the body's fluid compartments.

Substances that form ions in water, crucial for fluid balance & functions.

Fluid inside cells.

Fluid surrounding cells.

Fluid inside blood vessels.

Men have 60% fluid; 40% solid.

Describes fluid movement between blood and interstitial fluid.

High potassium & protein, low sodium & chloride.

The process where blood pressure forces fluids, solutes, and albumin out of the arteriole end of capillaries through the semi-permeable membrane. Only water and small particles can pass through, leaving albumin behind.

The process where the albumin remaining in the capillary generates osmotic pressure, drawing fluid back into the bloodstream due to the concentration gradient. Eventually, the concentration evens out, and reabsorption slows down.

These capillaries collect excess fluid left behind in the interstitial space after reabsorption and return it to the bloodstream.

Movement of molecules and fluids across cell membranes using protein carriers, pumps, and channels. This process requires energy (ATP).

Movement of molecules and fluids across cell membranes following the concentration gradient. This process does not require energy (ATP).

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, to equalize the concentration on both sides.

The movement of larger molecules across a cell membrane with the help of carrier or channel proteins, along the concentration gradient, without requiring energy.

The movement of small molecules, such as nutrients, gases, and waste products, across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, to equalize the concentration.

The state where the amount of water gained by the body is equal to the amount of water lost, ensuring proper hydration and cell function.

Water is gained through ingestion (drinking), and lost through urine, feces, sweat, and breathing.

A physiological response triggered by dehydration, involving a decrease in saliva production, increased blood osmolarity, and decreased blood volume, prompting us to drink water to restore balance.

A hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance by increasing blood volume. It involves renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone.

A hormone released by the hypothalamus in response to dehydration, promoting water retention by the kidneys. It helps to conserve water and increase blood volume.

A condition where there's a low level of protein in the blood, specifically albumin. This can occur when albumin leaks out of capillaries due to damage or inflammation. It leads to a decrease in osmotic pressure.

A blockage in the lymphatic system, which prevents excess fluid from being drained from the interstitial space. This leads to fluid buildup in the tissues, causing swelling.

Sodium is the main cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF). Key roles include action potentials (nerve impulses) and water reabsorption.

Potassium is the dominant cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF). It's essential for action potentials, but also plays a vital role in water balance within cells.

A condition with elevated levels of sodium in the blood. This occurs from decreased water intake, excess sodium intake, or inadequate sodium excretion.

ANP directly inhibits the release of renin from the kidneys, preventing the activation of the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System), which normally increases blood pressure and volume.

Abnormal fluid accumulation in the interstitial space (the space between cells), causing swelling.

Edema can arise from four disruptions of Sterling's Law, which governs fluid movement between blood and interstitial space: increased venous pressure, decreased plasma protein levels (hypoproteinemia), inflammation and lymphatic obstruction.

Compression of venules increases pressure within the capillaries, forcing more fluid out and causing fluid accumulation in the interstitial space.

Inflammation makes the capillary walls more permeable, allowing more fluid to escape into the interstitial space, resulting in edema.

Low potassium levels in the blood, caused by excessive loss, such as from vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, or nasogastric suction.

Low calcium levels in the blood, caused by removal of PTH glands, vitamin D deficiency, or decreased intake of calcium.

Increased levels of PTH (parathyroid hormone) can be caused by tumors, Paget's disease, or conditions that lead to low blood calcium levels.

High chloride levels in the blood, caused by excessive intake, dehydration, severe renal failure, or hyperaldosteronism.

Low chloride levels in the blood, caused by excessive loss, such as from vomiting, overhydration, metabolic alkalosis, or aldosterone deficiency.

Hyponatremia is low sodium levels in the blood. Symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

Hypernatremia is high sodium levels in the blood. Symptoms include thirst, confusion, seizures, and coma.

Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates electrolyte balance and fluid volume. It promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion.