Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Quiz

<p>Pitting edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High urine specific gravity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor daily weights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased osmolality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restrict fluid intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2500 mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotonic dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration (A), Facilitated diffusion (B), Diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1500-2000 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertonic dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 mm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic oxidation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoalbuminemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weigh the client daily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue is hard and shiny (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid translocation to interstitial space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental status changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Below 135 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Profuse diaphoresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat T waves on EKG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid replacement with 0.45% NaCl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring for EKG changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry, sticky mucous membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>K+ &lt; 3.0 mEq/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foods high in sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&lt; 1.3 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Check for positive Chvostek and Trousseaus signs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flushing and lethargy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral or IV magnesium administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure and respiratory rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle cramps or spasms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Green leafy vegetables and nuts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential magnesium toxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase HCO3 concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narcotic overdose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic alkalosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory acidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory alkalosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased HCO3 indicates compensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low pH and high PaCO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water and electrolytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration refers to increased fluid loss or insufficient intake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiration and perspiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain fluid volume and balance pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated body temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consume potassium-rich foods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium-wasting diuretics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equal loss of water and electrolytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion and lethargy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assess vital signs frequently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2500 mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat T waves and prominent U waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting sodium ions out of cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin perspiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic alkalosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vomiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dizziness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate CO2 excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perform frequent arterial blood gas analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laryngospasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum calcium &gt; 10 mg/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral calcium and vitamin D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflated blood pressure cuff causing spasms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged gastric suction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac arrhythmias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased HCO3 concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe chest pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH 7.52, PaCO2 43, HCO3 31 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retention of carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH 7.45, PaCO2 30, HCO3 19 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased HCO3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased HCO3 production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately 2500 mL, ranging from 1800 to 3600 mL, depending on individual needs.

100 mL/kg for first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg for next 10 kg, and 15 mL/kg for remaining weight.

Urination, bowel movements, perspiration, and exhalation.

Loss of electrolytes (like sodium), leading to decreased plasma osmolarity.

Loss of water, leading to increased plasma osmolarity.

Equal loss of water and electrolytes, not changing plasma osmolarity but reducing plasma volume.

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from an area of low solute concentration to high.

Continuous translocation & exchange of fluids and chemicals via passive & active transport.

Swelling in the tissues caused by fluid buildup, characterized by an indentation when pressed.

Fluid shift from blood vessels to tissues, leading to decreased blood volume and potential complications.

Conditions like hypoalbuminemia, burns, severe allergic reactions, and postoperative complications can cause fluid shift.

Assessment involves looking for ascites (fluid in abdomen) and generalized swelling.

Treatment includes albumin infusion to pull fluid back into the bloodstream and diuretics when appropriate.

Electrolyte imbalances, like sodium or potassium, can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, kidney failure, or poor diet.

Electrolyte imbalances can either be a deficiency or an excess of a certain electrolyte.

Active chemicals with electrical charges, crucial for body functions. Major electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc.

Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake, caused by vomiting, diarrhea, wounds, urination, hemorrhage, perspiration, diuretics, or low fluid intake.

Elderly, sick persons, individuals with dementia, and lethargic people are at higher risk of dehydration because of reduced awareness or impaired ability to manage fluid intake.

Hypervolemia is excessive fluid volume in the bloodstream (intravascular compartment), resulting in fluid volume excess.

Hypervolemia can be caused by excessive fluid intake, IV fluids, heart failure, kidney disease, adrenal gland problems, or circulatory overload.

Assessment for hypervolemia involves monitoring for rapid weight gain, high blood pressure, swelling (edema), moist lung sounds, and distended neck veins.

Diagnostic tests for hypervolemia may show a low hematocrit (dilution) and low urine specific gravity.

Nursing care for individuals with hypervolemia includes restricting fluids, using diuretics, limiting sodium, and closely monitoring for signs of dehydration.

A condition where the level of magnesium in the blood is too low. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including muscle cramps, fatigue, and anxiety.

A clinical sign of hypomagnesemia (and hypocalcemia), where tapping on the facial nerve causes a twitch of the facial muscles.

A clinical sign of hypomagnesemia (and hypocalcemia), where inflating a blood pressure cuff causes a hand spasm (carpopedal spasm).

A condition where the level of magnesium in the blood is too high. This can lead to symptoms such as muscle weakness, lethargy, and a slow heart rate.

The normal range for the acidity of the blood is between 7.35 and 7.45. This range is crucial for maintaining life, as imbalances can lead to serious health problems.

A condition where the blood is too acidic (pH below 7.35).

A condition where the blood is too alkaline (pH above 7.45).

The process of maintaining a stable pH in the blood, crucial for the proper functioning of all body systems.

Sodium plays a vital role in maintaining normal nerve and muscle activity, regulating fluid balance in the body, and helping to preserve the body's acid-base balance.

Hyponatremia is a condition where the sodium level in your blood is below 135 mEq/L.

Hyponatremia can be caused by excessive sweating, excessive urination, loss of digestive fluids (through suctioning or drains), Addison's disease, or overhydration.

Signs of hyponatremia can include confusion, brain swelling, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, high body temperature, rapid heart rate, weak pulses, and in severe cases, respiratory arrest and seizures.

Hypernatremia is characterized by a high level of sodium in the blood (above 145 mEq/L)

Causes include diarrhoea, excessive salt intake, fever, dehydration, decreased water intake, burns, Cushing's disease, Diabetes Insipidus, and kidney disease.

Signs include excessive thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output, fever, lethargy, coma, and in severe cases, swollen tongue, nausea, vomiting, and muscle stiffness.

Potassium is crucial for maintaining normal nerve and muscle function, and it's particularly important for heart rhythm.

A condition where the body's pH is too low due to an excess of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. This usually occurs when the lungs are not able to properly remove CO2 from the body.

A condition where the body's pH is too high due to a lack of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. This usually occurs when someone breathes too fast or too deeply, expelling too much CO2.

A condition where someone has taken too much of a narcotic drug and is experiencing a slowed breathing rate and depth. This leads to a build-up of CO2 and respiratory acidosis.

The arterial blood gas (ABG) pH value indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. A normal pH range is 7.35-7.45.

The PaCO2 value in an ABG indicates the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. A normal PaCO2 range is 35-45 mmHg.

The HCO3 value in an ABG indicates the bicarbonate level in the blood. A normal HCO3 range is 22-26 mEq/L.

An ABG result indicating acidosis has a pH below 7.35, usually with a high PaCO2 (respiratory acidosis) or a low HCO3 (metabolic acidosis).

An ABG result indicating alkalosis has a pH above 7.45, usually with a low PaCO2 (respiratory alkalosis) or a high HCO3 (metabolic alkalosis).

The body's water and all dissolved substances, including electrolytes, acids, bases, and other chemicals like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.

Fluid located within cells, making up about two-thirds of the body's water.

An abnormal amount of fluid in the body, either too little (dehydration) or too much (hypervolemia).

A decrease in the volume of blood plasma, causing reduced blood flow.

A state of excessive fluid loss, leading to decreased water content in the body.

A decrease in the concentration of blood components due to an increase in plasma volume.

Nurses play a vital role in recognizing, preventing, and treating fluid & electrolyte imbalances by assessing patients, monitoring vital signs, and administering appropriate interventions.

Fluids are taken in through drinks, food, and even metabolic processes like breathing.

Osmosis is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

Passive transport moves molecules along a concentration gradient, requiring no energy.

High levels of calcium (Ca++) in the blood.

Symptoms of Hypocalcemia include circumoral paresthesia (tingling around the mouth), muscle cramps, positive Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign, bleeding, tetany, bone pain, constipation, weakness, anxiety, laryngospasm.

Symptoms of Hypercalcemia include deep bone pain, constipation, anorexia, polyuria, pathologic fractures, kidney stones, fatigue, nausea, cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, mental changes.

Medical management of Hypocalcemia includes oral calcium (calcium gluconate) and vitamin D, IV calcium.

Low sodium levels in the blood (below 135 mEq/L).

Negatively charged ions found in body fluids, including chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate, and proteinate ions.

Positively charged ions in body fluids, with sodium (Na+) being the primary cation in extracellular fluid (ECF) and potassium (K+) in intracellular fluid (ICF).

Profuse sweating, diuresis (excessive urination), loss of GI secretions (vomiting, suctioning), Addison's disease, and dilution (SIADH).

Diarrhea, excessive salt intake, fever, dehydration, decreased water intake, severe burns, Cushing's disease, Diabetes Insipidus (DI), and kidney disease.

Potassium-wasting diuretics (Lasix, HydroDIURIL), GI tract fluid loss (vomiting, suctioning, drains), and corticosteroids.

A condition where the blood becomes too alkaline due to an excess of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood.

Causes include excessive vomiting, prolonged gastric suctioning, diuretic therapy, and excessive bicarbonate-containing medications.

Causes include conditions that impair the lungs' ability to remove CO2, such as pneumonia, COPD, pulmonary edema, and drug overdose.

Causes include hyperventilation from anxiety, fever, and mechanical ventilation.

Arterial blood gas (ABG) values are a blood test used to measure the acidity and oxygen levels in the blood, helping diagnose acid-base imbalances.

The lungs try to compensate for metabolic acidosis or alkalosis by changing the amount of CO2 in the blood. They decrease CO2 in metabolic acidosis and increase CO2 in metabolic alkalosis.

A narcotic overdose can cause respiratory acidosis because it slows down breathing, leading to a build-up of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, making it more acidic.

ABG results are interpreted by looking at pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 to determine whether acidosis or alkalosis is present and if it is respiratory or metabolic.

The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance by adjusting bicarbonate (HCO3) levels. They increase HCO3 during respiratory acidosis and decrease HCO3 during respiratory alkalosis.