Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following processes does not contribute to the output of water in the body?
Which of the following processes does not contribute to the output of water in the body?
- Urine production by the kidneys
- Sweat evaporation from the skin
- Digestion of carbohydrates (correct)
- Water vapor lost during exhalation
How does increased extracellular fluid (ECF) electrolyte concentration affect fluid balance?
How does increased extracellular fluid (ECF) electrolyte concentration affect fluid balance?
- It decreases the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- It increases ECF volume by promoting water loss in urine.
- It decreases movement of water from intracellular fluid (ICF) to ECF.
- It increases ECF volume by causing water to move out of ICF. (correct)
What drives the exchange of fluids between blood and interstitial fluid in normal conditions?
What drives the exchange of fluids between blood and interstitial fluid in normal conditions?
- Blood volume and cell metabolism
- Only capillary blood pressure
- Capillary blood pressure and blood protein concentration (correct)
- Only interstitial fluid pressure
Which of the following is not a main source of fluid intake?
Which of the following is not a main source of fluid intake?
What is the effect of increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on urine volume?
What is the effect of increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on urine volume?
What is the primary cause of dehydration?
What is the primary cause of dehydration?
Which of the following describes overhydration?
Which of the following describes overhydration?
What could potentially lead to water intoxication?
What could potentially lead to water intoxication?
What condition is indicated by a blood sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L?
What condition is indicated by a blood sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L?
What is a potential effect of excessive intravenous fluid administration?
What is a potential effect of excessive intravenous fluid administration?
What is one primary function of water in the body?
What is one primary function of water in the body?
Which fluid compartment contains the majority of the body's water?
Which fluid compartment contains the majority of the body's water?
What regulates water balance in the body?
What regulates water balance in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a route for water loss from the body?
Which of the following is NOT a route for water loss from the body?
Why might water intake need to be adjusted?
Why might water intake need to be adjusted?
What is the average daily water intake and output in liters?
What is the average daily water intake and output in liters?
Which percentage of total body water (TBW) is typically found in adult females?
Which percentage of total body water (TBW) is typically found in adult females?
What factor does NOT affect daily water intake needs?
What factor does NOT affect daily water intake needs?
What is the recommended fluid intake for an expenditure of 2000 kcal?
What is the recommended fluid intake for an expenditure of 2000 kcal?
Which fluid component surrounds cells and helps transport substances?
Which fluid component surrounds cells and helps transport substances?
Which of the following ions is primarily found in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which of the following ions is primarily found in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What role does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) play in fluid balance?
What role does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) play in fluid balance?
Which of the following statements about electrolytes is true?
Which of the following statements about electrolytes is true?
What type of fluid is known as the liquid part of whole blood?
What type of fluid is known as the liquid part of whole blood?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an effective fluid substitute?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an effective fluid substitute?
What compartment is referred to as the internal environment of the body?
What compartment is referred to as the internal environment of the body?
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Study Notes
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- General guideline: 1–1.5 ml of water per kcal expended; for 2000 kcal burned, 2-3 liters are suggested.
- Urine should be pale yellow; caffeine and alcohol are diuretics and not good substitutes for water.
- Electrolytes are salts that dissolve in water, forming ions which can be categorized as cations (+) or anions (−).
Body Fluid Compartments
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds cells and facilitates substance transport.
- Components of ECF include:
- Plasma: Liquid portion of blood.
- Interstitial fluid: Surrounds individual cells.
- Transcellular fluid: Includes lymph, joint fluids, cerebrospinal fluids, and humors of the eye.
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the largest compartment and serves as a solvent for chemical reactions within cells.
Electrolyte Distribution
- Intracellular electrolytes include potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- Extracellular electrolytes include sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
Mechanisms of Fluid Balance
- Fluid output adjusts based on intake, primarily through urine regulation.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes kidney reabsorption of sodium and water, reducing urine output and increasing ECF volume.
Functions of Water
- Essential for transport, structural support, metabolic reactions, lubrication, shock absorption, and regulating body temperature and blood volume.
Body Fluid Content
- Fluid content varies by age, sex, and adipose tissue; females: 45-50% total body water (TBW), males: 50-60% TBW, infants: 77% TBW.
- Average daily intake/output: approximately 2.5 liters, regulated by the hypothalamus and kidneys.
Regulation of Fluid Intake/Output
- Water intake depends on thirst and satiety; output includes losses in urine, sweat, respiration, and feces.
- Four main output routes: water vapor in breathing, skin sweat, kidney urine, and fecal losses.
Fluid Imbalances
- Dehydration occurs when fluid output exceeds intake for a sustained period, initially shrinking interstitial fluid volume, then affecting ICF and plasma volumes.
- Overhydration happens when intake exceeds output, leading to excess body fluid volume; may result from excessive intravenous fluids or rapid administration.
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Electrolyte homeostasis relates to intake and output; specific imbalances include:
- Hypernatremia: Blood sodium level exceeds 145 mEq/L.
- Hyponatremia: Blood sodium level falls below 135 mEq/L.
- Hypokalemia: Blood potassium level below normal.
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