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Questions and Answers
How many syllables are typically used to measure the percentage of syllables stuttered?
200-300
What is the classification for stuttering severity when 15-20% of syllables are stuttered?
Moderate to severe
What is the purpose of stimulability testing in stuttering assessment?
To determine the individual's ability to modify their speech rate
What is the focus of indirect therapy for young children who are just beginning to stutter?
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What is the primary goal of direct therapy for children who have stuttered for at least a year?
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What is the measurement used to determine stuttering severity in terms of speech rate?
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How is speech intelligibility affected in individuals with moderate stuttering?
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What is the benefit of reducing overall speech rate in individuals who stutter?
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What is the importance of awareness in young children with disfluencies?
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What is the significance of determining individual strengths and coping strategies in stuttering assessment?
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Study Notes
Stuttering Definition
- Stuttering is characterized by frequent disruptions in the fluency of verbal expression (speech)
- It may be accompanied by tension in speech-related and non-speech-related structures (e.g., eye blinking)
- Stuttering can occur in the presence of emotional states (both negative and positive), such as excitement
Stuttering Onset
- Stuttering usually starts between 2 and 6 years of age
- Many children go through normal periods of disfluency lasting less than 6 months
- Stuttering lasting longer than 6 months may need treatment
- Male children and those who start stuttering at 3½ or later are likely to continue to stutter
Causes of Stuttering
- There is no one cause of stuttering
- Possible causes include family history and brain differences in speech processing
Stuttering Dysfluencies
- Sound repetitions (e.g., "I w-w-w-want a drink")
- Syllable repetitions (e.g., "ba-ba-ba baseball")
- Prolonged sounds (e.g., "Ssssssssam is nice")
- Blocks or stops (e.g., "I want a (pause) cookie")
Secondary Behaviors
- Escape behaviors: triggered by stuttering or the anticipation of it (e.g., blinking, facial grimacing, facial tension, exaggerated movements)
- Avoidance behaviors: triggered by the anticipation of stuttering (e.g., changing the word)
Impacts of Stuttering
- Affects school performance
- Affects work
- Limits social interaction with friends
- Being anxious about speaking
- Being bullied or teased
- Low self-esteem
Assessment of Stuttering
- Case history: medical history, family history of stuttering, description of disfluency, age of onset, patterns of disfluency, previous fluency treatment and outcomes
- Speech sample: determine the average number of each type of dysfluency and secondary behavior, percentage of syllables stuttered, duration of dysfluencies, speech rate, and speech intelligibility
- Observation: awareness of disfluencies and difficulty in speaking, stimulability testing, and determination of individual strengths and coping strategies
Therapy for Young Children
- Indirect therapy: focuses on the child's parents and environment, does not target modifying the child's speech dysfluency
- Direct therapy: focuses on modifying the child's speech, for children who have stuttering for at least a year or whose stuttering is moderate-severe
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of stuttering, including its definition, onset, and accompanying physical and emotional states. Test your understanding of this fluency disorder.
