Fluency Disorders Quiz & Flashcards: Enhance Your Understanding

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of likelihood does predisposing factors contribute to stuttering?

30%

70% (correct)

50%

40%

At what average age do boys typically begin to stutter?

3 years (correct)

2.5 years

5 years

4 years

What is a type of avoidance behavior exhibited by individuals who stutter?

Eye blinking

Head nodding

Word and sound avoidance (correct)

Leg slapping

What is a stressful life event that can contribute to stuttering?

Losing a family member Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary feature of stuttering?

Escape behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that can worsen stuttering?

Developmental and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a processing problem that can contribute to stuttering?

Difficulty with linguistic processing Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal of the assessment process in stuttering?

To provide treatment recommendations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Developmental Disorder of Fluency?

It emerges in early childhood and its cause is unknown Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Etiology-Focused Classification?

The cause of fluency disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs)?

Sound or syllable is repeated 2 to 4 times Signup and view all the answers

According to Peters and Guitar's 5-Level System, what is the characteristic of 'Beginning stuttering'?

Includes more than 10 disfluencies per 100 words with an effort aspect of speech Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a 'Block' in fluency disorders?

Articulators and airflow completely stop during the production of a sound Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Within-word disfluencies and stuttering?

Within-word disfluencies are characterized by part-word repetition, while stuttering is characterized by single-syllable word repetition Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Symptom-Focused Classification?

The symptoms of fluency disorders Signup and view all the answers

According to Peters and Guitar's 5-Level System, what is the characteristic of 'Intermediate stuttering'?

Includes more than 10 disfluencies per 100 words with the same or more severe abnormal speech behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the population affected by fluency disorders at a given time?

1 to 2% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a fluency disorder?

Disturbance in the normal fluency and timing patterns of speech Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a person affected by a fluency disorder?

Stutterer Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range during which children are affected by fluency disorders at the highest rates?

Between the ages of 2 and 10 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate ratio of males to females affected by fluency disorders?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence rates in fluency disorders?

Prevalence rate is higher than incidence rate Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons why treatment is necessary for fluency disorders?

Because children who recover from stuttering often do experience stuttering for a relatively long time Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of core features of fluency disorders?

They are primary characteristics of a fluency disorder Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Fluency Disorders

Fluency disorders, also known as stuttering, affect 1-2% of the population at a given time.
Most children experience a period of disfluency, but majority of cases resolve on their own or with treatment.
Public perceptions of people with fluency disorders are often inaccurate, such as assuming they are timid or fearful.

What is a Fluency Disorder?

Fluency refers to speech that is produced effortlessly and automatically, with an appropriate rate, easy rhythm, smoothness, and effortlessness.
Disfluency occurs when there is a disruption in any of these elements.

Characteristics of Fluency Disorders

Three essential characteristics:
Disturbance in normal fluency and timing patterns of speech.
Disturbance in social communication, academic performance, or occupational achievement.
If another disability is present, the fluency disturbance is in excess of what is expected of that disability.

Core and Secondary Features

Core features: repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
Secondary features: avoidance and escape behaviors, negative feelings and attitudes, such as worrying about speaking or viewing speaking as difficult.

Terminology

Stuttering describes the fluency disorder.
Stutterer describes a person affected by a fluency disorder.

Prevalence and Incidence

Incidence: 1 in 100 persons.
Prevalence: 5 in 100 persons.
Affects children between 2-10 years old at the highest rates.
Males are affected at a higher rate than females (approximately 3:1).

Recovery from Stuttering

Difference between prevalence and incidence rates indicate that the majority of persons who exhibit fluency disorders do recover (perhaps 80%).
Raises question concerning need for treatment (to treat or to wait and see).

Classification of Fluency Disorders

Etiology-focused classification:
Developmental Disorder of Fluency: emerges in early childhood (2-5 years) and its cause is unknown.
Acquired Disorder of Fluency: dramatic onset anytime in lifespan, resulting from illness, trauma, accident, or psychological trauma.
Symptom-focused classification:
Peters and Guitar's 5-Level System: classified stuttering into five levels according to age, number, and type of stutter-like disfluencies.

Core Features

Part-word repetition: sound or syllable is repeated 2-4 times.
Single-syllable word repetition: two or more times.
Sound prolongation: duration of speech sound is lengthened.
Block: articulators and airflow completely stop during the production of a sound.

Secondary Features

Escape behaviors: response to moments of stuttering, such as head nods, eye blinking, and leg slapping.
Avoidance behaviors: avoid moments of stuttering, such as word and sound avoidance, substitution, and circumlocution.
Feelings and attitudes: negative feelings towards communication, such as fear, embarrassment, and shame.

Causes and Risk Factors

Predisposing factors:
Family history: tendency to run in families, and genetic link seen in twin studies.
Gender: boys are more likely to develop a fluency disorder and slower to recover.
Processing ability: underlying problem with linguistic processing (demand and capacity model).
Motor-speech coordination: difficulty in coordinating and timing the motor activities required for fluent speech.
Precipitating factors:
Age: average age of emergence is 3 years for boys and 2.5 years for girls.
Developmental stressors: stressful adult speech models, stressful speaking situations for children, and stressful life events.
Self-awareness: atypically high awareness of own disfluencies.

The Assessment Process

Referral
Assessment Protocol
Diagnosis
Severity
Prognosis
Treatment Recommendations

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of fluency disorders, also known as stuttering, including its prevalence and common developmental patterns in children.

Fluency Disorders in Speech