Fluency Disorders in Speech
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of likelihood does predisposing factors contribute to stuttering?

  • 30%
  • 70% (correct)
  • 50%
  • 40%
  • At what average age do boys typically begin to stutter?

  • 3 years (correct)
  • 2.5 years
  • 5 years
  • 4 years
  • What is a type of avoidance behavior exhibited by individuals who stutter?

  • Eye blinking
  • Head nodding
  • Word and sound avoidance (correct)
  • Leg slapping
  • What is a stressful life event that can contribute to stuttering?

    <p>Losing a family member</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a secondary feature of stuttering?

    <p>Escape behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that can worsen stuttering?

    <p>Developmental and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a processing problem that can contribute to stuttering?

    <p>Difficulty with linguistic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of the assessment process in stuttering?

    <p>To provide treatment recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Developmental Disorder of Fluency?

    <p>It emerges in early childhood and its cause is unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Etiology-Focused Classification?

    <p>The cause of fluency disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs)?

    <p>Sound or syllable is repeated 2 to 4 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Peters and Guitar's 5-Level System, what is the characteristic of 'Beginning stuttering'?

    <p>Includes more than 10 disfluencies per 100 words with an effort aspect of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a 'Block' in fluency disorders?

    <p>Articulators and airflow completely stop during the production of a sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Within-word disfluencies and stuttering?

    <p>Within-word disfluencies are characterized by part-word repetition, while stuttering is characterized by single-syllable word repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Symptom-Focused Classification?

    <p>The symptoms of fluency disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Peters and Guitar's 5-Level System, what is the characteristic of 'Intermediate stuttering'?

    <p>Includes more than 10 disfluencies per 100 words with the same or more severe abnormal speech behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the population affected by fluency disorders at a given time?

    <p>1 to 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a fluency disorder?

    <p>Disturbance in the normal fluency and timing patterns of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a person affected by a fluency disorder?

    <p>Stutterer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range during which children are affected by fluency disorders at the highest rates?

    <p>Between the ages of 2 and 10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ratio of males to females affected by fluency disorders?

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between incidence and prevalence rates in fluency disorders?

    <p>Prevalence rate is higher than incidence rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons why treatment is necessary for fluency disorders?

    <p>Because children who recover from stuttering often do experience stuttering for a relatively long time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of core features of fluency disorders?

    <p>They are primary characteristics of a fluency disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Fluency Disorders

    • Fluency disorders, also known as stuttering, affect 1-2% of the population at a given time.
    • Most children experience a period of disfluency, but majority of cases resolve on their own or with treatment.
    • Public perceptions of people with fluency disorders are often inaccurate, such as assuming they are timid or fearful.

    What is a Fluency Disorder?

    • Fluency refers to speech that is produced effortlessly and automatically, with an appropriate rate, easy rhythm, smoothness, and effortlessness.
    • Disfluency occurs when there is a disruption in any of these elements.

    Characteristics of Fluency Disorders

    • Three essential characteristics:
    • Disturbance in normal fluency and timing patterns of speech.
    • Disturbance in social communication, academic performance, or occupational achievement.
    • If another disability is present, the fluency disturbance is in excess of what is expected of that disability.

    Core and Secondary Features

    • Core features: repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
    • Secondary features: avoidance and escape behaviors, negative feelings and attitudes, such as worrying about speaking or viewing speaking as difficult.

    Terminology

    • Stuttering describes the fluency disorder.
    • Stutterer describes a person affected by a fluency disorder.

    Prevalence and Incidence

    • Incidence: 1 in 100 persons.
    • Prevalence: 5 in 100 persons.
    • Affects children between 2-10 years old at the highest rates.
    • Males are affected at a higher rate than females (approximately 3:1).

    Recovery from Stuttering

    • Difference between prevalence and incidence rates indicate that the majority of persons who exhibit fluency disorders do recover (perhaps 80%).
    • Raises question concerning need for treatment (to treat or to wait and see).

    Classification of Fluency Disorders

    • Etiology-focused classification:
    • Developmental Disorder of Fluency: emerges in early childhood (2-5 years) and its cause is unknown.
    • Acquired Disorder of Fluency: dramatic onset anytime in lifespan, resulting from illness, trauma, accident, or psychological trauma.
    • Symptom-focused classification:
    • Peters and Guitar's 5-Level System: classified stuttering into five levels according to age, number, and type of stutter-like disfluencies.

    Core Features

    • Part-word repetition: sound or syllable is repeated 2-4 times.
    • Single-syllable word repetition: two or more times.
    • Sound prolongation: duration of speech sound is lengthened.
    • Block: articulators and airflow completely stop during the production of a sound.

    Secondary Features

    • Escape behaviors: response to moments of stuttering, such as head nods, eye blinking, and leg slapping.
    • Avoidance behaviors: avoid moments of stuttering, such as word and sound avoidance, substitution, and circumlocution.
    • Feelings and attitudes: negative feelings towards communication, such as fear, embarrassment, and shame.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    • Predisposing factors:
    • Family history: tendency to run in families, and genetic link seen in twin studies.
    • Gender: boys are more likely to develop a fluency disorder and slower to recover.
    • Processing ability: underlying problem with linguistic processing (demand and capacity model).
    • Motor-speech coordination: difficulty in coordinating and timing the motor activities required for fluent speech.
    • Precipitating factors:
    • Age: average age of emergence is 3 years for boys and 2.5 years for girls.
    • Developmental stressors: stressful adult speech models, stressful speaking situations for children, and stressful life events.
    • Self-awareness: atypically high awareness of own disfluencies.

    The Assessment Process

    • Referral
    • Assessment Protocol
    • Diagnosis
    • Severity
    • Prognosis
    • Treatment Recommendations

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of fluency disorders, also known as stuttering, including its prevalence and common developmental patterns in children.

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