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Questions and Answers
Which structure is primarily responsible for the ascending and descending transport of nutrients in flowering plants?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the ascending and descending transport of nutrients in flowering plants?
What characteristic distinguishes dicotyledonous plants from monocotyledonous plants?
What characteristic distinguishes dicotyledonous plants from monocotyledonous plants?
What type of root system is typically found in dicotyledonous plants?
What type of root system is typically found in dicotyledonous plants?
Which part of the leaf is responsible for supporting the leaf blade and connecting it to the stem?
Which part of the leaf is responsible for supporting the leaf blade and connecting it to the stem?
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Which type of venation is associated with dicotyledonous plants?
Which type of venation is associated with dicotyledonous plants?
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In which part of the plant does the primary root grow relative to the shoot system?
In which part of the plant does the primary root grow relative to the shoot system?
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What type of plant features soft and flexible stems with a low wood content?
What type of plant features soft and flexible stems with a low wood content?
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What is the correct term for the portion of the stem from which leaves arise?
What is the correct term for the portion of the stem from which leaves arise?
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What is the primary function of cotyledons in a seed?
What is the primary function of cotyledons in a seed?
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Which part of the mature seed is responsible for the attachment of the seed to the ovary wall?
Which part of the mature seed is responsible for the attachment of the seed to the ovary wall?
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In the context of seed germination, what does the term 'viability' refer to?
In the context of seed germination, what does the term 'viability' refer to?
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Which part of the embryo develops into the shoot system?
Which part of the embryo develops into the shoot system?
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What distinguishes endospermic seeds from non-endospermic seeds?
What distinguishes endospermic seeds from non-endospermic seeds?
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What is the main distinction between hypogeal and epigeal germination?
What is the main distinction between hypogeal and epigeal germination?
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During the second stage of hypogeal germination in Zea mays, what structure emerges and is enclosed?
During the second stage of hypogeal germination in Zea mays, what structure emerges and is enclosed?
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Which of the following best describes the first stage of hypogeal germination for Broad Bean (Vicia faba)?
Which of the following best describes the first stage of hypogeal germination for Broad Bean (Vicia faba)?
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What environmental factor is NOT necessary for seed germination?
What environmental factor is NOT necessary for seed germination?
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In the epigeal germination of Lupinus termis, what is the sequence of events following the rupture of the testa?
In the epigeal germination of Lupinus termis, what is the sequence of events following the rupture of the testa?
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Study Notes
Structure of Flowering Plants
- Flowering plants consist of two main systems: the shoot system (aerial) and the root system (subterranean).
- The root system features a primary root that grows vertically downwards, producing lateral roots that spread in all directions.
Functions of the Shoot System
- The shoot system includes the stem, which supports branches and elevates leaves to sunlight for photosynthesis.
- Branches develop in the axils of leaves and carry leaves, buds, and flowers.
- The stem transports food materials between the roots and leaves.
Components of Leaves
- A typical leaf comprises a leaf base, petiole, and a flattened green blade known as the lamina.
- The midrib is the main vein running from the base to the tip, with lateral veins branching into a reticulate pattern in dicots and parallel pattern in monocots.
Classification of Flowering Plants
-
Dicotyledonous (Dicot)
- Two cotyledons in seed embryo
- Reticulate leaf venation
- Tap root system
-
Monocotyledonous (Monocot)
- One cotyledon in seed embryo
- Parallel leaf venation
- Fibrous root system
Plant Size Categories
- Herbs: Soft-stemmed plants with low wood content.
- Shrubs: Short, much-branched plants with erect woody stems.
- Trees: Tall plants with large, erect woody stems.
Lifespan Classification
- Annuals: Complete life cycle from seed to fruit within one year.
- Biennials: Complete life cycle across two years.
- Perennials: Live and grow for more than two years.
Habitat Adaptations
- Xerophytes: Plants adapted to arid conditions, such as desert flora.
- Mesophytes: Thrive in medium moisture conditions, e.g., wheat.
- Hydrophytes: Flourish in abundant water environments, such as Eichhornia spp.
Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
- Consists of three main stages: seed, seedling, and mature plant.
- Begins with a seed, which is a mature fertilized ovule.
Structure of a Mature Seed
-
Seed Coat (Testa):
- Protective wall surrounding the embryo and storage tissue.
- Contains hilum, a scar showing the point of attachment to the funiculus.
- Micropyle is a tiny pore through which the pollen tube penetrates the ovule.
-
Embryo:
- Comprises the plumule, radicle, and one or two cotyledons.
- Plumule: Upper portion that develops into the shoot system.
- Radicle: Lower portion that develops into the primary root.
- Cotyledons: Store food for the plant during germination.
-
Storage Tissue:
- Endospermic seeds contain endosperm; non-endospermic seeds lack it.
Characteristics of Seeds
- Have a single point of attachment.
- Epicotyl: The part of the embryo above the cotyledons.
- Hypocotyl: The section between the cotyledons and the first leaf.
Seed Germination
- Defined as the emergence of embryo parts.
- Requires several conditions:
- Viability: The seed's capacity to grow under favorable conditions.
- Dormancy: A rest period required before germination can commence.
- Presence of Water: Essential for metabolic processes.
- Presence of Oxygen: Necessary for respiration.
- Suitable Temperature: Optimal conditions for growth.
Types of Seed Germination
- Hypogeal Germination: Cotyledons remain below soil surface post-germination.
- Epigeal Germination: Cotyledons emerge above soil surface after germination.
Hypogeal Germination Examples
-
Broad Bean (Vicia faba):
- Stage I: Testa ruptures; radicle emerges.
- Stage II: Radicle elongates; plumule appears.
- Stage III: Establishment of root and shoot systems, termed seedling.
-
Corn (Zea mays):
- Testa fuses with pericarp.
- Stage I: Pericarp ruptures; radicle emerges through its sheath.
- Stage II: Radicle elongates; plumule emerges encased by coleoptile.
- Stage III: Emergence of foliage leaves; adventitious roots develop.
Epigeal Germination Example
-
Lupinus termis:
- Stage I: Testa ruptures; radicle elongates downwards.
- Stage II: Cotyledons pushed above soil surface.
- Stage III: Completion of root and shoot systems, termed seedling.
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Description
Test your knowledge on flowering plants and their unique structures. This quiz covers the shoot and root systems of plants, their functions, and adaptations. Explore how these systems live and grow in different conditions.
