NCERT - MORPHOLOGY IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 24 - 25
345 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What was the title of Katherine Esau's influential book published in 1954?

  • Understanding Plant Structure
  • Plant Anatomy (correct)
  • Dynamic Plant Biology
  • The Anatomy of Seed Plants

    • Which virus did Katherine Esau report spreads through a plant's phloem tissue?

  • Potato Blight Virus
  • Citrus Canker Virus
  • Curly Top Virus (correct)
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus

    • What is the function of the root cap?

  • To absorb water
  • To support the stem
  • To protect the root apex (correct)
  • To store food

    • In what year was Katherine Esau elected to the National Academy of Sciences?

    <p>1957</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the root is responsible for the growth in length?

    <p>Region of elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure characterizes all angiosperms according to the content?

    <p>Presence of Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers, and Fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Peter Raven note about Katherine Esau’s impact on the field of plant biology?

    <p>She dominated the field even at the age of 99.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of roots are fine, thread-like structures that arise from the region of maturation?

    <p>Root hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the stem?

    <p>Performing photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prestigious award did Katherine Esau receive in 1989?

    <p>National Medal of Science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of a flowering plant constitutes the shoot system?

    <p>The above-ground portion, including stems and leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nodes on the stem responsible for?

    <p>Budding leaves and flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does successful plant classification require according to the content?

    <p>Standard technical terms and definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do leaves primarily contribute to the plant?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a fibrous root from a tap root?

    <p>Fibrous roots consist of many thin roots, tap root has one prominent root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of aestivation occurs when sepals or petals just touch one another at the margin without overlapping?

    <p>Valvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the regions of meristematic activity and maturation?

    <p>Meristematic region is for elongation while maturation is for differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aestivation features overlapping margins of petals that do not follow a specific direction?

    <p>Imbricate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of aestivation does the largest petal overlap the lateral petals, which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals?

    <p>Vexillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the male reproductive organ made up of stamens in a flower?

    <p>Androecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of a sterile stamen that does not produce pollen?

    <p>Staminode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When stamens are attached to the petals in a flower, what is this condition termed?

    <p>Epipetalous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form of stamen union do the stamens combine into two bundles?

    <p>Diadelphous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes when stamens remain separate and not fused together?

    <p>Polyandrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stigma in the gynoecium?

    <p>To act as the receptive surface for pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does syncarpous mean in relation to carpels?

    <p>Carpels that are fused together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of placentation occurs when ovules are attached to a ridge along the ventral suture?

    <p>Marginal placentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ovules after fertilization?

    <p>They develop into seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of placentation has ovules borne on a central axis with no septa?

    <p>Free central placentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a parthenocarpic fruit?

    <p>A fruit formed without fertilization of the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the three parts of a carpel consist of?

    <p>Stigma, style, and ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the pericarp?

    <p>The wall of a mature or ripened ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of venation is characteristic of monocotyledonous plants?

    <p>Parallel venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about simple and compound leaves is correct?

    <p>Simple leaves can be entire or incised without touching the midrib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of compound leaf are the leaflets attached at a common point?

    <p>Palmately compound leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pattern of leaf arrangement on a stem or branch?

    <p>Phyllotaxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants exhibits alternate phyllotaxy?

    <p>China rose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes pinnately compound leaves?

    <p>They consist of leaflets along a central rachis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of opposite phyllotaxy?

    <p>Two leaves arise at each node, lying adjacent to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these plants is an example of a plant with opposite phyllotaxy?

    <p>Calotropis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a flower with parts that are symmetrical along multiple planes?

    <p>Actinomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A superior ovary is located above the attachment of other floral parts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates racemose inflorescence from cymose inflorescence?

    <p>Racemose inflorescence has a main axis that continues to grow, while cymose inflorescence has a determinate growth pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In flowering plants, seeds are classified as __________ or __________ based on the number of cotyledons.

    <p>monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Aestivation = The arrangement of floral parts when they are in bud Placentation = The arrangement of ovules within the ovary Apocarpous = A flower with separate carpels Syncarpous = A flower with fused carpels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aestivation describes petals that just touch at the margins without overlapping?

    <p>Valvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imbricate aestivation features petals that overlap in a specific direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the male reproductive organ composed of stamens in a flower?

    <p>Androecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of aestivation where the largest petal overlaps the lateral petals and the two smallest anterior petals is known as __________.

    <p>vexillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of stamen unions with their descriptions:

    <p>Monoadelphous = Stamens united into one bundle Diadelphous = Stamens united into two bundles Polyadelphous = Stamens united into more than two bundles Polyandrous = Stamens that remain free and separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a sterile stamen that does not produce pollen?

    <p>Staminode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When stamens are attached to the perianth, they are referred to as epipetalous.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of flower where the stamens are united into one bundle.

    <p>China rose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of root system is seen in monocotyledonous plants?

    <p>Fibrous root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicotyledonous plants, the primary root grows inside the soil and is often supported by an extensive system of lateral roots.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the roots that develop from parts of the plant other than the radicle.

    <p>Adventitious roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main functions of the root system include the absorption of water, minerals, providing anchorage, and the synthesis of __________.

    <p>plant growth regulators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of root systems with the corresponding plant type:

    <p>Tap root system = Mustard Fibrous root system = Wheat Adventitious root system = Banyan tree Primary root = Short-lived in monocots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about primary and lateral roots is correct?

    <p>Lateral roots arise from the primary root.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary root system is commonly observed in plants such as grass and wheat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of roots in plants?

    <p>Absorption of water and minerals, anchorage, food storage, and synthesis of growth regulators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flower has the gynoecium at the highest position with other parts positioned below it?

    <p>Hypogynous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epigynous flowers have a superior ovary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four floral whorls commonly found in a flower?

    <p>Calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flower is said to be ________ if it cannot be divided into two similar halves.

    <p>asymmetric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of floral appendages with their definitions:

    <p>Trimerous = Floral appendages in multiples of 3 Tetramerous = Floral appendages in multiples of 4 Pentamerous = Floral appendages in multiples of 5 Bracteate = Flowers with bracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of corolla is characterized by petals that are united?

    <p>Gamopetalous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In perigynous flowers, the ovary is considered half inferior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sepals in the calyx?

    <p>To protect the flower in the bud stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of root system is generally found in dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Tap root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flowering plant stem is always woody.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of leaves in flowering plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis and transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The floral structure that contains the male reproductive organs is called the __________.

    <p>androecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflorescence is characterized by a solitary flower?

    <p>Solitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of a flower with their descriptions:

    <p>Calyx = Individual sepals that protect the flower bud Corolla = Petals that attract pollinators Gynoecium = Female reproductive part of the flower Androecium = Male reproductive part of the flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fruits from the flowering plants can be classified as berries or capsules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a plant from this family that is economically important.

    <p>Tomato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflorescence has flowers borne in a basipetal order?

    <p>Cymose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flower can have both androecium and gynoecium and is referred to as unisexual.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four different kinds of floral whorls in a typical flower?

    <p>Calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flower is the _____ unit in the angiosperms.

    <p>reproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of inflorescence with their characteristics:

    <p>Racemose = Main axis continues to grow, flowers borne acropetally Cymose = Main axis terminates in a flower, flowers borne basipetally Solitary = Single flower at the shoot tip Whorled = More than two leaves arise at a node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a flower with radial symmetry, how is it classified?

    <p>Actinomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In whorled leaf arrangement, only two leaves arise at a node.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are accessory organs of a flower?

    <p>Calyx and corolla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Katherine Esau's book 'Plant Anatomy'?

    <p>Dynamic plant structure and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Katherine Esau was the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two systems of a flowering plant described in the content?

    <p>Root system and shoot system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Katherine Esau was born in __________ and became a leading figure in plant biology.

    <p>Ukraine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following contributions of Katherine Esau to their descriptions:

    <p>Plant Anatomy = A book focused on plant structure and development Anatomy of Seed Plants = A comprehensive reference in plant biology National Medal of Science = Award received from President George Bush in 1989 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences = Recognition as the sixth woman to receive this honor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is characteristic of all angiosperms?

    <p>Presence of roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root system is primarily formed in monocotyledonous plants?

    <p>Fibrous root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, the angiosperms show very little diversity in their external structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicotyledonous plants, the primary root is short-lived and is replaced by many roots.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'morphology' as it relates to flowering plants?

    <p>It refers to the study of the structure and form of plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the root system in plants?

    <p>Absorption of water and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roots that originate from parts of the plant other than the radicle are called __________.

    <p>adventitious roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of root systems with their characteristics:

    <p>Tap root system = Characterized by a long primary root with smaller lateral roots Fibrous root system = Made up of many thin, branched roots originating from the base of the stem Adventitious root system = Roots that develop from parts of the plant other than the radicle Secondary roots = Roots that branch off from the primary root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant is an example of having a tap root system?

    <p>Mustard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main functions of a root system include storing reserve food material.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of root system is typically found in wheat plants?

    <p>Fibrous root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the type of inflorescence found in Solanum?

    <p>Solitary and axillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fruit of a flowering plant can be either a berry or a capsule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vegetation characterizes the stem of Solanum plants?

    <p>Herbaceous, rarely woody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of root system generally associated with dicotyledonous plants is __________.

    <p>tap root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant characteristics with their definitions:

    <p>Stamens = Male reproductive organs in a flower Corolla = Collectively, the petals of a flower Gynoecium = Female reproductive parts of a flower Calyx = Collectively, the sepals of a flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of venation is typical for the leaves of dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Reticulate venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All flowering plants have both taproot and fibrous root systems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the floral formula for flowers that are actinomorphic and bisexual?

    <p>⊕</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the flower does the gynoecium consist of?

    <p>Carpels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ovule develops into a seed after fertilization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stigma in a flower?

    <p>It is the receptive surface for pollen grains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of placentation where ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary is called __________ placentation.

    <p>parietal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of placentation with their descriptions:

    <p>Marginal = Ovules borne on a ridge along the ventral suture Axile = Ovules attached to a central column in multilocular ovary Basal = Single ovule attached at the base of the ovary Free central = Ovules attached to a central axis with no septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a fruit formed without fertilization of the ovary?

    <p>Parthenocarpic fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syncarpous carpels are those that are fused together.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'placentation' refer to?

    <p>The arrangement of ovules within the ovary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a flower with symmetrical parts along multiple planes?

    <p>Actinomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ovary is modified into fruits and the ovules are modified into seeds after fertilization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'placentation'.

    <p>Placentation refers to the arrangement of ovules within the ovary of a flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seeds may be classified as __________ or __________ based on the number of cotyledons.

    <p>monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following floral terms with their definitions:

    <p>Aestivation = Arrangement of petals in a flower bud Perigynous flower = Ovary positioned in the center with other floral parts attached at the same level Actinomorphic = Symmetrical along multiple planes Zygomorphic = Bilateral symmetry in a flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a flower that cannot be divided into two similar halves?

    <p>Asymmetric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hypogynous flower has its gynoecium at the lowest position.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four floral whorls typically found in each flower?

    <p>Calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flowers that have a bract are called __________.

    <p>bracteate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flower type is classified as epigynous?

    <p>Guava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the floral components with their descriptions:

    <p>Calyx = Outermost whorl, protects the flower in bud stage Corolla = Composed of petals, attracts pollinators Androecium = Male reproductive part, made of stamens Gynoecium = Female reproductive part, contains ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The calyx can only be gamosepalous.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a flower that is classified as perigynous.

    <p>Rose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stigma in the gynoecium?

    <p>It serves as the receptive surface for pollen grains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syncarpous carpels are those that are free and not fused.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ovules after fertilization?

    <p>They develop into seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as __________.

    <p>placentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of placentation with their characteristics:

    <p>Marginal = Ovules borne on a ridge along the ventral suture Axile = Ovules attached to a central axis in a multilocular ovary Parietal = Ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary Basal = Single ovule attached at the base of the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fruit is formed without the fertilization of the ovary?

    <p>Parthenocarpic fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pericarp is the outer layer of the fruit and is always dry.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In free central placentation, the ovules are attached to the __________ axis.

    <p>central</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following seeds is classified as non-endospermous?

    <p>Pea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledonous seeds are primarily characterized by their absence of endosperm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the monocotyledonous seed is responsible for enclosing the embryo?

    <p>Coleoptile and coleorhiza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tissue formed as a result of double fertilization in seeds is called __________.

    <p>endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Hilum = The scar on the seed where it was attached to the ovary Radicle = The part of the embryo that develops into the root Scutellum = The cotyledon of a monocotyledonous seed Plumule = The part of the embryo that develops into the shoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer separates the embryo from the endosperm in monocotyledonous seeds?

    <p>Aleurone layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In castor seeds, the endosperm is not present in the mature seeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the main characteristic of endospermic seeds.

    <p>They contain a bulky endosperm that serves as food storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function do roots serve in a plant?

    <p>Water and nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stem of a plant is responsible for water and nutrient conduction, as well as photosynthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main regions of a root?

    <p>Root cap, region of meristematic activity, region of elongation, and region of maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axillary bud in a leaf later develops into a __________.

    <p>branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of a flowering plant with their functions:

    <p>Root = Absorbs water and minerals Stem = Supports branches and conducts materials Leaf = Main site for photosynthesis Flower = Reproductive structure of the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes fibrous roots?

    <p>Thin, thread-like roots forming a dense network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main role of the stem is to absorb water and nutrients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of root hairs?

    <p>To absorb water and minerals from the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the leaf is responsible for connecting it to the stem?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lamina of a leaf is typically green and contains veins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of veins in the lamina of a leaf?

    <p>venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monocotyledons, the leaf base expands into a __________ covering the stem.

    <p>sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the leaf parts with their functions:

    <p>Lamina = Green expanded part with veins Petiole = Holds the blade to light Leaf base = Attaches leaf to stem Stipule = Lateral leaf-like structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the veins in the leaf?

    <p>Provide rigidity and transport substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reticulate venation is characterized by veins running parallel to each other.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle prominent vein of the leaf called?

    <p>midrib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leaf has its leaflets attached at a common point?

    <p>Palmately compound leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parallel venation is characteristic of dicotyledonous plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of leaves on a stem?

    <p>Phyllotaxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a __________ compound leaf, multiple leaflets are present on a common axis called the rachis.

    <p>pinnately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of phyllotaxy to its description:

    <p>Alternate = A single leaf arises at each node in an alternating manner Opposite = A pair of leaves arises at each node and lie opposite each other Whorled = Three or more leaves arise from a single node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant exhibits alternate phyllotaxy?

    <p>China rose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A simple leaf has incisions that may reach the midrib.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of venation is typical for most monocotyledons?

    <p>Parallel venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a flower that can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane passing through the centre?

    <p>Actinomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cymose inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow indefinitely.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of whorls typically found in a flower?

    <p>Calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a flower has both androecium and gynoecium, it is termed __________.

    <p>bisexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of inflorescence with its description:

    <p>Racemose = Main axis continues to grow, flowers are borne laterally in acropetal succession Cymose = Main axis terminates in a flower, flowers are borne in basipetal order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the calyx and corolla in some flowers?

    <p>They can be collectively referred to as perianth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flowers can only be classified as actinomorphic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of arrangement do flowers follow in racemose inflorescence?

    <p>Acropetal succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of ovules within the ovary?

    <p>Placentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ovary is the uppermost part of the gynoecium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of a carpel?

    <p>stigma, style, ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fruit is a mature ovary developed after __________.

    <p>fertilisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of placentation with its description:

    <p>Marginal = Ovules borne on a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary Axile = Ovules attached to a central axis in a multilocular ovary Basal = Single ovule attached at the base of the ovary Free Central = Ovules borne on a central axis without septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fruit is formed without fertilisation of the ovary?

    <p>Parthenocarpic fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apocarpous carpels are fused together.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ovules after fertilisation?

    <p>They develop into seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a seed serves as the protective outer layer?

    <p>Seed coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mesocarp of a coconut is fibrous.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three layers of the pericarp?

    <p>Epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A seed consists of a seed coat and an __________.

    <p>embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of placentation with their descriptions:

    <p>Marginal = Ovules attached along the edge of the ovary Axile = Ovules attached to a central column Parietal = Ovules attached to the walls of the ovary Free central = Ovules attached to a central mass without septa Basal = Ovules attached at the base of the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fruits is classified as a drupe?

    <p>Mango</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hilum is the structure that connects the developing seeds to the plant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two structures are present at the ends of the embryonal axis?

    <p>Radicle and plumule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure protects the tender apex of the root as it grows through the soil?

    <p>Root cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the stem is to conduct water and minerals only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are root hairs responsible for?

    <p>Absorbing water and minerals from the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of leaves is __________.

    <p>photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of a plant with their functions:

    <p>Roots = Absorb water and nutrients Stem = Support and transport Leaves = Photosynthesis Bud = Growth point for new shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the root is responsible for the differentiation and maturation of cells?

    <p>Region of maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stem of a plant is typically green when young and becomes woody over time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nodes on the stem responsible for?

    <p>The origin of leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of root system is typically seen in dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Tap root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root typically persists and continues to grow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are roots that develop from parts of the plant other than the radicle called?

    <p>Adventitious roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main functions of the root system include absorption of water and minerals, providing __________, storing reserve food material, and synthesizing plant growth regulators.

    <p>anchorage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following root systems with the corresponding plant types:

    <p>Tap root system = Dicotyledonous plants Fibrous root system = Monocotyledonous plants Adventitious root system = Grass and banyan tree Primary root = Short-lived in monocots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with the root system?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lateral roots arise directly from the primary root.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the type of root system characterized by a large number of roots originating from the base of the stem.

    <p>Fibrous root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the leaf connects it to the stem?

    <p>Petiole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes a dicotyledonous seed?

    <p>It has two cotyledons and often has a more complex structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The floral characteristics of flowering plants do not play a role in their classification.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reticulate venation forms when the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prominent vein in the leaf lamina called?

    <p>Midrib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of arrangement of floral members is referred to as 'inflorescence'?

    <p>The arrangement of flowers on a branch or stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ part of the leaf is responsible for photosynthesis due to its green color.

    <p>lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, the ovary develops into a __________.

    <p>fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of placentation with its description:

    <p>Marginal = Ovules attached to a ridge along the ventral suture Axile = Ovules borne on a central axis Parietal = Ovules attached to the inner wall of the ovary Free central = Ovules attached to a central column without septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the leaf with their descriptions:

    <p>Leaf Base = Attachment point to the stem Stipule = Small leaf-like structures that may be present Lamina = Expanded part containing veins Petiole = Stalk supporting the lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the arrangement of veins in a leaf?

    <p>Venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The petiole helps the leaf blade stay rigid and promotes cooling.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monocotyledons, the leaf base expands into a ______ covering the stem.

    <p>sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of venation is characteristic of dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Reticulate venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pinnately compound leaves, leaflets are attached at a common point.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leaf is characterized by incisions that do not reach the midrib?

    <p>Simple leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A leaf is called __________ when the incisions reach up to the midrib.

    <p>compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant exhibits opposite phyllotaxy?

    <p>Guava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of phyllotaxy with their description:

    <p>Alternate = A single leaf at each node Opposite = A pair of leaves at each node Whorled = Three or more leaves at a single node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silk cotton is an example of a pinnately compound leaf.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a plant with alternate phyllotaxy.

    <p>China rose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Katherine Esau's contributions to plant biology?

    <p>She made significant advances in plant anatomy and systematics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Katherine Esau was the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Katherine Esau publish 'The Anatomy of Seed Plants'?

    <p>1960</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The underground part of a flowering plant forms the __________ system.

    <p>root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures with their primary functions:

    <p>Roots = Anchor the plant and absorb water Stems = Support and transport nutrients Leaves = Photosynthesis Flowers = Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes the study of the structure and function of plants?

    <p>Botany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiosperms are characterized solely by their ability to produce seeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is involved in the conduction of nutrients in plants, as reported by Katherine Esau?

    <p>phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'K' represent in the floral formula?

    <p>Calyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A floral diagram provides information about the number of parts of a flower but not their arrangement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family does the mustard plant belong to?

    <p>Brassicaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is drawn in the center of a floral diagram and represents the female reproductive organ.

    <p>gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following floral parts with their corresponding symbols:

    <p>Calyx = K Corolla = C Androecium = A Gynoecium = G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the petiole in a leaf?

    <p>To enable leaf fluttering and cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lamina of a leaf is only responsible for photosynthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the stigma in the gynoecium?

    <p>To receive pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two small structures called that may be found on the leaf base?

    <p>stipules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apocarpous carpels are fused together in a flower.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of placentation and provide an example.

    <p>Axile, as in china rose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The arrangement of veins in the lamina is termed ________.

    <p>venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leaf parts with their descriptions:

    <p>Lamina = The green expanded part of the leaf Petiole = The stalk supporting the leaf Stipule = Small leaf-like structures at the base Veins = Channels for transport in the leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, the ovary matures into a __________.

    <p>fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of placentation with their characteristics:

    <p>Marginal = Ovules borne on a ridge along the ventral suture Basal = Placenta develops at the base with one ovule Parietal = Ovules on the inner wall of the ovary Free Central = Ovules on a central axis with no septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the venation pattern where veins run parallel to each other?

    <p>Parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding parthenocarpic fruits?

    <p>They are formed without fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A swollen leaf base is referred to as a pulvinus in some leguminous plants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ovule is attached to the placenta in the ovary.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the midrib in a leaf?

    <p>To provide rigidity and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enlarged basal part of a carpel is known as the __________.

    <p>ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seed is characterized by the presence of endosperm in mature seeds?

    <p>Endospermic seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All monocotyledonous seeds are non-endospermic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the proteinous layer that separates the embryo from the endosperm in monocotyledonous seeds?

    <p>Aleurone layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a small structure situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm in monocotyledonous seeds.

    <p>embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following seed structures with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Endosperm = Stores food Scutellum = Cotyledon in monocots Coleoptile = Encloses the plumule Coleorhiza = Encloses the radicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following seeds is considered non-endospermous?

    <p>Pea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The radicle is part of the embryo in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'non-endospermous' refer to concerning seeds?

    <p>Seeds that do not contain endosperm in their mature state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which root system is characterized by a single primary root and its lateral branches?

    <p>Tap root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledonous plants typically have a long-lived primary root.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main function of the root system in plants?

    <p>Absorption of water and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roots that arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle are called __________ roots.

    <p>adventitious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of root with its characteristic:

    <p>Tap root = Single primary root with lateral branches Fibrous root = Multiple roots originating from the stem base Adventitious root = Roots arising from non-radicle parts of the plant Primary root = Initial root formed from the radicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants is an example of a fibrous root system?

    <p>Wheat plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary root serves as the main organ for storing food material in all plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of root that develops in certain plants like grass.

    <p>Adventitious root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flower has the gynoecium at the highest position with respect to the other parts?

    <p>Hypogynous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an epigynous flower, the ovary is considered superior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main floral whorls of a flower?

    <p>Calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flower characterized by a superior ovary is referred to as __________.

    <p>hypogynous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes flowers that contain bracts?

    <p>Bracteate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the flower type with its description:

    <p>Hypogynous = Ovary is superior Perigynous = Ovary is half inferior Epigynous = Ovary is inferior Bracteate = Has bracts present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of seeds are classified as endospermic?

    <p>Seeds that contain an endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corolla can be described as the outermost whorl of a flower.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the calyx in flowering plants?

    <p>To protect the flower in the bud stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All monocotyledonous seeds are non-endospermic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the aleurone layer in monocotyledonous seeds?

    <p>To separate the embryo from the endosperm and store proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicotyledonous seeds, seeds like bean, gram, and pea are classified as __________ seeds.

    <p>non-endospermous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with their corresponding types of seeds:

    <p>Endospermic = Contains endosperm in mature seeds Non-endospermic = Does not contain endosperm in mature seeds Monocotyledonous = Generally has a single cotyledon and bulky endosperm Dicotyledonous = Generally has two cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the monocotyledonous seed is known to enclose the radicle?

    <p>Coleorhiza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cereal seeds like maize contain a membranous seed coat fused with the fruit wall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What comprises the embryo of a typical monocotyledonous seed?

    <p>One large cotyledon (scutellum) and a short axis with a plumule and radicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stem is commonly found in the plant Solanum tuberosum?

    <p>Herbaceous stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flower of Solanum nigrum is unisexual and asymmetric.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of venation is characteristic of the leaves described?

    <p>Reticulate venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The economic importance of many plants in the Solanaceae family includes being sources of food, spice, and __________.

    <p>medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the floral parts of a flower with their descriptions:

    <p>Calyx = Five united sepals, persistent, valvate aestivation Corolla = Five united petals, valvate aestivation Androecium = Five stamens, epipetalous Gynoecium = Bicarpellary, superior ovary, syncarpous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the flower contains the ovules?

    <p>Gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants within the Solanaceae family are exclusively used for ornamental purposes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The roots of some plants may get modified for __________, mechanical support, and respiration.

    <p>storage of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the symbol 'G' represent in a floral formula?

    <p>Gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a floral diagram, the calyx is positioned at the center.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What family does the mustard plant belong to?

    <p>Brassicaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The floral formula includes symbols representing various parts of a flower such as K for __________ and C for __________.

    <p>calyx, corolla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the floral parts with their corresponding symbols:

    <p>Br = Bracteate K = Calyx C = Corolla A = Androecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable impact did Katherine Esau's book 'Plant Anatomy' have on the field of plant biology?

    <p>It brought about a revival of the discipline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Katherine Esau was the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Katherine Esau pass away?

    <p>1997</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The underground part of a flowering plant is known as the __________ system.

    <p>root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each plant structure with its corresponding characteristic:

    <p>Roots = Anchors the plant and absorbs water Stems = Supports leaves and flowers Leaves = Where photosynthesis occurs Flowers = Involved in reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is common among all angiosperms?

    <p>Presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Katherine Esau received the National Medal of Science from President Barack Obama.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important aspect must be understood for a successful classification of higher plants?

    <p>Standard technical terms and standard definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of the leaf that connects it to the stem?

    <p>Petiole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lamina is the rigid part of the leaf that transports nutrients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of veins in a leaf?

    <p>Venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two lateral small leaf-like structures associated with a leaf are called __________.

    <p>stipules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to leaf structure with their descriptions:

    <p>Lamina = Green expanded part of the leaf Midrib = Prominent middle vein Petiole = Stalk of the leaf Stipule = Small leaf-like structures at leaf base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of venation is characterized by veins running parallel to each other?

    <p>Parallel venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some leguminous plants, the leaf base may swell and is called a stipule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The leaf base that may partially or wholly cover the stem in monocotyledons is known as the __________.

    <p>sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of venation is characteristic of dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Reticulate venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pinnately compound leaves have leaflets attached at a common point.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the pattern of arrangement of leaves on a stem or branch?

    <p>Phyllotaxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The leaves of most __________ plants exhibit parallel venation.

    <p>monocotyledonous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of leaves with their characteristics:

    <p>Simple Leaves = Entire lamina or incisions that do not reach midrib Compound Leaves = Leaflets attached to a common axis or point Pinnately Compound = Leaflets attached along a common axis Palmately Compound = Leaflets attached at a common point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants exhibits opposite phyllotaxy?

    <p>Guava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In opposite phyllotaxy, a single leaf arises at each node.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of compound leaves?

    <p>They have leaflets that reach the midrib, breaking it into several parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of inflorescence where the main axis continues to grow?

    <p>Racemose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flower can contain both androecium and gynoecium and will be termed bisexual.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis?

    <p>Inflorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a _________ type of inflorescence, flowers are borne in a basipetal order.

    <p>Cymose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following floral terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Calyx = Accessory organ protecting the flower Corolla = Colored part of a flower Androecium = Male reproductive organ Gynoecium = Female reproductive organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flower symmetry allows division into equal halves in any plane through the center?

    <p>Actinomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All flowers have distinct calyx and corolla.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the shoot tip when it transforms into a flower?

    <p>It becomes solitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'syncarpous' refer to in relation to carpels?

    <p>Carpels that are fused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A parthenocarpic fruit is formed after fertilization of the ovary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of a carpel?

    <p>Stigma, style, ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as __________.

    <p>placentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of placentation with their descriptions:

    <p>Marginal = Ovules borne on a ridge along the ovary Axile = Ovules attached to a central axis Parietal = Ovules on the inner wall of the ovary Basal = Single ovule attached at the base of the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fruit is formed by the ripened ovary?

    <p>Mature fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In free central placentation, the ovules are attached to a central axis without septa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flower's gynoecium is made up of one or more __________.

    <p>carpels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Flowering Plant

    • Flowering plants consist of a root system and a shoot system
    • The root system grows underground and absorbs water and minerals from the soil
    • The shoot system grows above ground and consists of stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits
    • The stem bears nodes and internodes
    • The stem is responsible for conducting water and nutrients, storing food, providing support, protection, and vegetative propagation
    • Leaves are responsible for the process of photosynthesis
    • Flowers are the reproductive organs of the plant and consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

    Types of Roots

    • Tap root: Single, straight root (e.g., carrot, radish)
    • Fibrous root: Many roots that grow in a dense network (e.g., grasses)
    • Adventitious root: Roots that originate from other parts of the plant such as stems or leaves (e.g., banyan tree)

    Root Regions

    • Root Cap: Protects the growing root tip as it interacts with the soil
    • Meristematic Region: Consists of actively dividing cells responsible for the root's growth in length
    • Region of Elongation: Cells in this region quickly increase in size, contributing to the root's extension
    • Region of Maturation: Cells differentiate and mature, with the epidermis forming root hairs for nutrient absorption

    Types of Leaves

    • Simple Leaf: A single undivided leaf blade

    • Compound Leaf: The leaf blade is divided into leaflets

      • Pinnately Compound: Leaflets arranged along a central axis called the rachis
      • Palmately Compound: Leaflets radiate from a common point at the tip of the petiole

    Leaf Arrangement (Phyllotaxy)

    • Alternate: One leaf per node, arranged spirally on the stem
    • Opposite: A pair of leaves at each node, positioned directly across from each other
    • Whorled: Three or more leaves arranged in a circle around the node
    • Note: Leaf arrangement is important for maximizing sunlight exposure

    Flower Structure

    • Calyx: The outermost whorl, composed of sepals (typically green) that protect the developing bud
    • Corolla: The colorful whorl inside the calyx, composed of petals
    • Androecium: Represents the male reproductive part, consisting of stamens (filament and anther)
    • Gynoecium: Represents the female reproductive part, consisting of one or more carpels (stigma, style, and ovary)
    • Pedicel: The stalk that supports the flower, connecting it to the stem

    Aestivation

    • Valvate: Sepals or petals in a whorl touch at the margins without overlapping
    • Twisted: The margin of one sepal or petal overlaps the next one in a spiral-like pattern
    • Imbricate: Sepals or petals overlap but not in a specific direction
    • Vexillary: (Papilionaceous) Found in pea and bean flowers, the largest petal (standard) overlaps the lateral petals (wings), which in turn overlap the smallest petals (keel)

    Androecium

    • Stamen: Comprises a filament and an anther
    • Anther: Produces pollen grains
    • Staminode: A sterile stamen
    • Polyandrous: Stamens are free (not fused)
    • Monadelphous: Stamens are fused to form a single bundle
    • Diadelphous: Stamens are fused into two bundles
    • Polyadelphous: Stamens are fused into more than two bundles

    Gynoecium

    • Carpel: Consists of the stigma, style, and ovary
    • Ovary: Enlarged basal part containing one or more ovules
    • Ovules: Develop into seeds after fertilization
    • Apocarpous: Carpels are free, not fused
    • Syncarpous: Carpels are fused

    Placentation

    • Marginal: Placenta forms a ridge along the ovary's ventral suture, with ovules arranged in two rows
    • Axile: Placenta is located on the ovary's central axis, with ovules attached to it in a multilocular ovary
    • Parietal: Ovules develop on the ovary's inner wall or the peripheral part, usually forming a false septum
    • Free Central: Ovules are attached to a central axis, but there are no septa
    • Basal: A single ovule is attached to the base of the ovary

    Fruit

    • Fruit: A mature or ripened ovary, usually containing seeds
    • Pericarp: The wall of the fruit (may be dry or fleshy)
    • Parthenocarpic Fruit: A fruit formed without fertilization

    Root System

    • The primary root in dicotyledonous plants elongates from the radicle and forms a tap root system, with branching into secondary, tertiary, and so on.
    • Monocotyledonous plants have a short-lived primary root and are replaced by a fibrous root system, originating from the stem base.
    • Adventitious roots develop from parts other than the radicle, seen in grass, Monstera, and banyan trees.
    • Root functions include water and mineral absorption, plant anchorage, food storage, and plant growth regulator synthesis.

    Flower Structure and Arrangement

    • Flowers represent a modified shoot for sexual reproduction.
    • Symmetry: Flowers can be asymmetric (no symmetrical division), actinomorphic (radially symmetrical), or zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical).
    • Floral Appendages: Flowers may be trimerous (parts in multiples of 3), tetramerous (parts in multiples of 4), or pentamerous (parts in multiples of 5).
    • Bracts: Flowers can be bracteate (with bracts, reduced leaves at the pedicel base) or ebracteate (without bracts).
    • Floral Position: Flowers can be hypogynous (superior ovary, other parts below), perigynous (half-inferior ovary, other parts at the thalamus rim), or epigynous (inferior ovary, other parts above).

    Flower Parts

    • Calyx: The outermost whorl of a flower, composed of sepals (usually green and protective). It can be gamosepalous (united sepals) or polysepalous (free sepals).
    • Corolla: Composed of petals (usually colored to attract pollinators). It can be gamopetalous (united petals) or polypetalous (free petals).
    • Androecium: The male reproductive part, composed of stamens. Each stamen has a filament (stalk) and an anther containing pollen sacs (pollen grain producers). A sterile stamen is a staminode. Stamens can be epipetalous (attached to petals) or epiphyllous (attached to perianth).
    • Gynoecium: The female reproductive part, composed of carpels. Each carpel contains an ovary (with ovules), a style, and a stigma.

    Aestivation

    • Describes the arrangement of sepals or petals in a bud.
    • Valvate: Sepals or petals touch at the margin without overlapping.
    • Twisted: One margin overlaps the next in a spiral pattern.
    • Imbricate: Margins overlap without a specific direction.
    • Vexillary/Papilionaceous: Found in pea flowers, with the standard petal overlapping the wings, which in turn overlap the keel.

    Family Solanaceae: Example

    • Vegetative Characters: Mostly herbs and shrubs, aerial stems, simple leaves.
    • Floral Characters: Bisexual flowers, actinomorphic, five united sepals (valvate aestivation), five united petals (valvate aestivation), five epipetalous stamens, bicarpellary syncarpous ovary (superior, bilocular, axile placentation).
    • Fruits: Berry or capsule.
    • Seeds: Many, endospermous.
    • Economic Importance: Food (tomato, eggplant, potato), spice (chili), medicine (belladonna, ashwagandha), fumigatory (tobacco), ornamentals (petunia).

    Katherine Esau

    • Pioneering plant biologist, born in Ukraine in 1898
    • Earned doctorate in the United States in 1931
    • Early research focused on the curly top virus and its spread through plants
    • Published influential books: Plant Anatomy (1954) and The Anatomy of Seed Plants (1960)
    • Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1957, becoming the sixth woman to receive this honor
    • Received the National Medal of Science in 1989
    • Considered a dominant figure in the field of plant biology, died in 1997 at age 99

    Morphology of Flowering Plants

    • Exhibit significant variation in structure, size, form, and functions
    • Key features are roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits
    • The root system is either a tap root or a fibrous root
    • Tap root systems are common in dicotyledonous plants, while fibrous root systems are found in monocotyledonous plants
    • Roots can be modified for storage, support, and respiration
    • The shoot system includes the stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits
    • Stems are responsible for transport and support
    • Stems can be differentiated from roots based on node and internode presence, hairs, and positive phototropic nature
    • Leaves are lateral extensions of the stem, with the primary function of photosynthesis
    • Leaves demonstrate diversity in shape, size, margins, and apex form

    Morphology of Flowers

    • The flower is a modified shoot and responsible for sexual reproduction
    • The flower's arrangement is termed as an inflorescence
    • Two main types of inflorescences are racemose and cymose
    • Racemose inflorescences continue to grow and have flowers arranged laterally in an acropetal (youngest flower at the apex) sequence
    • Cymose inflorescences have a limited growth pattern as the apex develops into a flower, with flowers arranged basipetally (oldest flower at the apex)
    • A typical flower has four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium
    • Calyx and corolla are accessory organs, while androecium and gynoecium are reproductive organs
    • A flower is bisexual if it has both stamens and carpels, and unisexual if it has only one of these structures
    • Flowers can be actinomorphic, exhibiting radial symmetry, or zygomorphic, exhibiting bilateral symmetry
    • Filaments within a flower can vary in length
    • Gynoecium is the female reproductive part, composed of one or more carpels
    • A carpel consists of stigma, style, and ovary
    • The ovary develops into the fruit following fertilization
    • Placentation refers to the arrangement of ovules within the ovary
    • Types of placentation include: marginal, axile, parietal, basal, free central

    Fruits

    • A fruit is a mature ovary developed after fertilization.
    • A parthenocarpic fruit develops without fertilization
    • Fruits consist of a wall (pericarp) and seeds
    • The pericarp can be dry or fleshy
    • Vegetative characters refer to morphological features of the plant’s non-reproductive parts
    • Floral characters describe the morphology of the flower
    • Economic importance refers to the uses of the plant, including as food sources, spices, medicinal plants, and ornamentals

    Root Structure

    • The root is covered by a root cap which protects the root tip as it grows through the soil
    • The region of meristematic activity is located just above the root cap, and contains small, thin-walled cells with dense protoplasm that divide rapidly
    • The region of elongation is proximal to the meristematic region and is responsible for the growth of the root in length
    • The region of maturation is further proximal to the region of elongation and is where cells differentiate and mature
    • Root hairs are fine, thread-like structures that develop from epidermal cells in the region of maturation and absorb water and minerals from the soil

    Stem Structure

    • The stem is the ascending part of the axis and bears branches, leaves, flowers and fruits
    • It develops from the plumule of the embryo in a germinating seed
    • The stem bears nodes, where leaves are born, and internodes, the portions between two nodes
    • Stems can be terminal buds or axillary buds, both of which can develop into branches
    • Young stems are typically green, but later often become woody and dark brown
    • The stem's main function is to spread out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits
    • Stems also conduct water, minerals and photosynthates
    • Some stems are adapted for food storage, support, protection and vegetative propagation

    Leaf Structure

    • Leaves are lateral, generally flattened structures borne on the stem
    • They develop at the node and bear a bud in their axil
    • Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems and are arranged in an acropetal order
    • Leaves are the most important vegetative organs for photosynthesis

    Floral Morphology

    • A flower is asymmetric (irregular) if it cannot be divided into two similar halves by any vertical plane passing through the centre
    • A flower may be trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous when the floral appendages are in multiples of 3, 4 or 5, respectively
    • A flower with bracts (reduced leaf at the base of the pedicel) is called bracteate, and one without bracts is ebracteate

    Flower Position

    • Flowers are classified as hypogynous, perigynous or epigynous based on the position of the calyx, corolla, and androecium in relation to the ovary on the thalamus
    • In hypogynous flowers, the gynoecium is at the highest position, while the other parts are situated below it. The ovary in these flowers is considered superior
    • In perigynous flowers, the gynoecium is situated in the centre, and the other parts of the flower are located on the rim of the thalamus almost at the same level. The ovary is considered half inferior
    • In epigynous flowers, the margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it, and the other parts of the flower arise above the ovary. The ovary is considered inferior

    Parts of a Flower

    • A flower typically has four floral whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium

    Calyx

    • The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower, and its members are called sepals
    • Sepals are generally green, leaf-like, and protect the flower in the bud stage
    • The calyx can be gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous (sepals free)

    Corolla

    • The corolla is composed of petals
    • Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination
    • The corolla can be gamopetalous (petals united) or polypetalous (petals free)
    • The shape and colour of the corolla can vary greatly in plants

    Androecium

    • The androecium is the male reproductive part of the flower and is composed of stamens
    • Each stamen has a filament and an anther
    • Anthers contain pollen sacs which produce pollen grains
    • Within a flower, the filaments can vary in length

    Gynoecium

    • The gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower and is made up of one or more carpels
    • Each carpel consists of a stigma, style, and ovary
    • The ovary is the enlarged basal part, on which lies the elongated tube, the style
    • The style connects the ovary to the stigma
    • The stigma is usually at the tip of the style and is the receptive surface for pollen grains
    • Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like placenta
    • Apocarpous gynoecia have free carpels, while syncarpous gynoecia have fused carpels

    Placentation

    • The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation
    • Placentation types include:
      • Marginal: the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary, and the ovules are borne on this ridge forming two rows
      • Axile: the placenta is axial, and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary
      • Parietal: the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary, or on the peripheral part
      • Free central: the ovules are borne on a central axis, and septa are absent
      • Basal: the placenta develops at the base of the ovary, and a single ovule is attached to it

    Fruit Structure

    • A fruit is a mature, ripened ovary that develops after fertilisation
    • A parthenocarpic fruit is formed without fertilisation of the ovary
    • Fruits typically consist of a pericarp (wall) and seeds
    • The pericarp can be dry or fleshy

    Seed Structure

    • Endospermic seeds have an endosperm that stores food
    • Non-endospermic seeds lack endosperm in mature seeds
    • Dicotyledonous seeds typically have two cotyledons
    • Monocotyledonous seeds typically have one cotyledon

    Dicotyledonous Seed Structure

    • Dicotyledonous seeds have a **seed Hilum as castor the endosperm formed as a result of Radicle Micropyle double fertilisation, is a food storing tissue and called endospermic seeds.In plants such as Figure 5.14 Structure of dicotyledonous seed bean, gram and pea, the endosperm is not present in mature seeds and such seeds are called non-endospermous. 5.7.2 Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed Generally, monocotyledonous seeds are endospermic but some as in orchids are non-endospermic.In the seeds of cereals such as maize the Seed coat & fruit-wall Endosperm

                                  Aleurone layer
                                                                       Scutellum

                                                                       Coleoptile
                           Endosperm
                                                                       Plumule

                          Embryo
                                                                       Radicle
                                                                       Coleorhiza

                 Figure 5.15 Structure of a monocotyledonous seed

    coat** that surrounds the embryo, which has a radicle, plumule, and cotyledons

    Monocotyledonous Seed Structure

    • Monocotyledonous seeds typically have a seed coat fused with the fruit wall, a bulky endosperm storing food, an aleurone layer separating the embryo from the endosperm, a scutellum, a coleoptile, and a coleorhiza

    Leaf Structure

    • A typical leaf consists of three main parts: leaf base, petiole and lamina.
    • The leaf base attaches the leaf to the stem and may have two small leaf-like structures called stipules.
    • In monocotyledons, the leaf base expands into a sheath covering the stem.
    • The petiole is a stalk that helps hold the leaf blade to light and allows it to flutter in the wind, cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air.
    • The lamina, or leaf blade, is the expanded green part of the leaf with veins and veinlets.

    Leaf Venation

    • Venation refers to the arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina.
    • Reticulate venation occurs when veinlets form a network, typically found in dicotyledonous plants.
    • Parallel venation occurs when veins run parallel to each other within a lamina, characteristic of most monocotyledons.

    Leaf Types

    • Simple leaves have a single, undivided lamina or have incisions that don't reach the midrib.
    • Compound leaves have incisions reaching the midrib, breaking it into leaflets.
    • Pinnately compound leaves have leaflets arranged along a common axis, the rachis.
    • Palmately compound leaves have leaflets attached at a common point, the tip of the petiole.

    Phyllotaxy

    • Phyllotaxy describes the arrangement of leaves on the stem.
    • Alternate phyllotaxy has one leaf arising at each node in an alternating pattern.
    • Opposite phyllotaxy has pairs of leaves arising at each node, facing each other.
    • Whorled phyllotaxy has more than two leaves arising at a node, forming a whorl.

    Inflorescence

    • Inflorescence refers to the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis.
    • Racemose inflorescences have a main axis that continues to grow, producing flowers laterally in an acropetal succession.
    • Cymose inflorescences have a main axis that terminates in a flower, limiting its growth, with flowers borne in a basipetal order.

    Flower Structure

    • The flower is the reproductive unit of angiosperms and is responsible for sexual reproduction.
    • A typical flower has four whorls arranged on the thalamus or receptacle: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
    • Calyx and corolla are accessory organs.
    • Androecium and gynoecium are reproductive organs.
    • A bisexual flower has both androecium and gynoecium.
    • A unisexual flower has either only stamens or only carpels.

    Flower Symmetry

    • Actinomorphic flowers can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane, such as mustard, datura, and chilli.
    • Zygomorphic flowers can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane, such as pea, gulmohur, bean, and Cassia.

    Gynoecium

    • The gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower, composed of one or more carpels.
    • Each carpel contains three parts: stigma, style, and ovary.
    • The ovary is the enlarged base where ovules are attached.
    • The stigma is the receptive surface for pollen grains.
    • Apocarpous flowers have free carpels, as in lotus and rose.
    • Syncarpous flowers have fused carpels, as in mustard and tomato.

    Placentation

    • Placentation describes the arrangement of ovules within the ovary.
    • Marginal placentation occurs when ovules are borne on a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary, as in pea.
    • Axile placentation occurs when ovules are attached to a central axis in a multilocular ovary, as in china rose, tomato, and lemon.
    • Parietal placentation occurs when ovules develop on the inner wall or peripheral part of a one-chambered ovary that becomes two-chambered due to a false septum, as in mustard and Argemone.
    • Free central placentation occurs when ovules are borne on a central axis with no septa, as in Dianthus and Primrose.
    • Basal placentation occurs when the placenta develops at the base of the ovary with a single ovule, as in sunflower and marigold.

    Fruit

    • A fruit is a mature or ripened ovary developed after fertilisation.
    • A parthenocarpic fruit is formed without fertilisation.
    • A fruit generally consists of a pericarp (wall) and seeds.
    • Pericarp can be dry or fleshy and may be differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
    • A drupe is a fleshy fruit developing from a monocarpellary superior ovary, usually one-seeded.

    Seed

    • Seeds develop from ovules after fertilisation.
    • Seeds consist of a seed coat and an embryo.
    • The embryo has a radicle, embryonal axis, and one or two cotyledons.

     

    Dicotyledonous Seed Structure

    • The seed coat has two layers: the outer testa and the inner tegmen.
    • The hilum is a scar where the seed was attached to the fruit.
    • The micropyle is a small pore above the hilum.
    • The embryo consists of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons.
    • The radicle and plumule are present at the two ends of the embryonal axis.

    Root System

    • Dicotyledonous plants have a tap root system: the primary root is dominant, grows deep into the soil, and bears lateral roots of various orders.
    • Monocotyledonous plants have a fibrous root system: the primary root is short-lived, replaced by numerous roots arising from the stem base.
    • Adventitious roots develop from parts of the plant other than the radicle, like grass, Monstera, and banyan trees.
    • Functions of root systems: water and mineral absorption, anchorage, food storage, and plant growth regulator synthesis.

    Root Regions

    • Root cap: a protective thimble-like structure at the root apex, shielding the tender tip as it grows through soil.
    • Region of meristematic activity: located just above the root cap, characterized by small, thin-walled cells with dense protoplasm that divide repeatedly.
    • Region of elongation: cells undergo rapid elongation and enlargement, responsible for root length growth.
    • Region of maturation: proximal to the elongation zone, where cells differentiate and mature, developing root hairs for water and mineral absorption.

    Stem

    • Ascending part of plant axis: bears branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
    • Development: from the plumule of the embryo in a germinating seed.
    • Structural features: nodes (where leaves are borne), internodes (regions between nodes), terminal and axillary buds.
    • Functions: spreading branches, conducting water and minerals, synthesizing and transporting photosynthates, food storage, support, protection, and vegetative propagation.

    Leaf

    • Lateral, flattened structures: developed at the node, bearing an axillary bud.
    • Origin: shoot apical meristems, arranged in an acropetal order.
    • Primary function: photosynthesis.
    • Parts: leaf base, petiole, lamina.
    • Leaf base: attaches the leaf to the stem, may bear stipules.
    • Petiole: supports the lamina, helps hold it to light, provides flexibility for movement in the wind.
    • Lamina: green, expanded part of the leaf, contains veins and veinlets for structural support, transport of water, minerals, and food.
    • Veins: prominent, provide rigidity and act as transport channels.

    Leaf Venation

    • Arrangement of veins and veinlets: determines venation type.
    • Reticulate venation: veinlets form a network, typical of dicotyledonous plants.
    • Parallel venation: veins run parallel to each other, characteristic of most monocotyledonous plants.

    Leaf Types

    • Simple leaf: lamina is either entire or incised without reaching the midrib.
    • Compound leaf: incisions of the lamina reach the midrib, breaking it into leaflets.
    • Pinnately compound leaf: leaflets arranged on a common axis (rachis), e.g., neem.
    • Palmately compound leaf: leaflets attached at a common point, the tip of the petiole, e.g., silk cotton.

    Phyllotaxy

    • Arrangement of leaves on stem or branch: determines phyllotaxy type.
    • Alternate phyllotaxy: single leaf arises at each node, alternating on stem, e.g., china rose, mustard, sunflower.
    • Opposite phyllotaxy: pair of leaves arises at each node, opposing each other, e.g., Calotropis, guava.
    • Whorled phyllotaxy: three or more leaves arise from the same node, forming a whorl, e.g., Alstonia.

    Katherine Esau

    • Katherine Esau was born in 1898 in Ukraine and became a renowned plant biologist.
    • She earned her doctorate in the US in 1931.
    • In her early publications, she discovered that the curly top virus spreads through plants via the phloem.
    • Her book "Plant Anatomy" (1954) was a significant work in the field of plant biology.
    • She published another influential textbook, "Anatomy of Seed Plants" in 1960, which was referred to as the Encyclopedia of plant biology.
    • She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1957, becoming the sixth woman to be honored.
    • In 1989, Esau received the, National Medal of Science from President George Bush, recognizing her exceptional contributions to science.
    • Katherine Esau died in 1997 at the age of 99, leaving a lasting legacy in plant biology.

    Morphology of Flowering Plants

    • Flowering plants exhibit a wide range of structural diversity, but are characterized by the presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
    • The root system is the underground part of the flowering plant, while the shoot system is above the ground.
    • A typical leaf consists of three main parts:
      • Leaf base: Attaches the leaf to the stem.
      • Petiole: The stalk that supports the leaf blade.
      • Lamina: The expanded, green part of the leaf.
    • Venation, the arrangement of veins and veinlets in a leaf:
      • Reticulate: Veinlets form a network, e.g., dicotyledonous leaves.
      • Parallel: Veins run parallel to each other, e.g., monocotyledonous leaves.
    • Gynoecium is the collective term for the female reproductive part of a flower.
      • It consists of one or more carpels.
      • Each carpel has three parts:
        • Stigma: The receptive surface for pollen grains.
        • Style: The elongated tube connecting the ovary to the stigma.
        • Ovary: The enlarged basal part containing ovules.
    • Placentation refers to the arrangement of ovules inside the ovary.
    • The types of placentation include:
      • Marginal: Ovules borne on a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary.
      • Axile: Ovules attached to a central axis in a multilocular ovary.
      • Parietal: Ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary.
      • Basal: A single ovule is attached to the base of the ovary.
      • Free central: Ovules are borne on a central axis with no septa.
    • A fruit is a mature or ripened ovary, typically formed after fertilization.
      • It consists of a pericarp (fruit wall) and seeds.
    • Parthenocarpic fruits: Develop without fertilization, e.g., bananas.
    • Seed structure:
      • Endospermic seeds: Store food in the endosperm, e.g., castor, cereals like maize.
      • Non-endospermic seeds: Endosperm absent, e.g., bean, gram, pea.
    • Monocotyledonous seeds are usually endospermic, except for orchids.
    • The endosperm in monocotyledonous seeds like maize has an outer covering called the aleurone layer.
      • The embryo is located in a groove in the endosperm and has a shield-shaped cotyledon called the scutellum.
      • The plumule and radicle are protected by sheaths called the coleoptile and coleorhiza respectively.

    Describing a Flowering Plant

    • Flower morphology is used to describe a plant, starting with its habit, then vegetative characters (roots, stem, leaves), followed by floral characters (inflorescence and flower components).
    • Floral diagram: Provides information about the number, arrangement, and relationships of flower parts.
    • Floral formula: Uses symbols to represent the floral parts, their fusion, and adhesion.
      • Br: Bracteate
      • K: Calyx
      • C: Corolla
      • P: Perianth
      • A: Androecium
      • G: Gynoecium
      • Superior ovary: G
      • Inferior ovary: G
      • Male:
      • Female:
      • Bisexual:
      • Actinomorphic: ⊕
      • Zygomorphic:
      • Fusion: Brackets ( )
      • Adhesion: Line above symbols

    Solanaceae

    • Also known as the potato family.
    • Widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    PDF Katherine Esau (1898-1997)

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of flowering plants, including their structure and functions. This quiz covers root systems, types of roots, and the critical roles of various plant parts in growth and reproduction. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of plants and their adaptations to the environment.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser