Flower Structure and Types Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the calyx in a flower?

  • To attract pollinators
  • To form the central part of the flower
  • To produce male gametes
  • To protect the inner parts of the flower in the bud stage (correct)

    • Which part of the flower is responsible for producing pollen grains?

  • Anther (correct)
  • Ovary
  • Stigma
  • Filament

    • What defines a complete flower?

  • A flower containing at least one of the four whorls
  • A flower consisting of all four whorls: calyx, corolla, stamens, and carpel (correct)
  • A flower that lacks petals
  • A flower with only male reproductive parts

    • What is the primary function of the corolla in a flower?

    <p>To attract insects for pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do both bisexual and unisexual flowers differ in?

    <p>Reproductive parts present in the flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ovules and ovaries contribute to plant reproduction?

    <p>They develop into seeds and fruits after fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following flowers is an example of an incomplete flower?

    <p>Date palm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pedicel in a flower?

    <p>To connect the flower to the stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fruit?

    <p>To disperse seeds to distant places</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a dicotyledonous seed from a monocotyledonous seed?

    <p>Dicots have two cotyledons while monocots have one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a condition necessary for seed germination?

    <p>Favorable temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During epigeal germination, what happens to the cotyledons?

    <p>They are pushed above the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the seed becomes the root system during germination?

    <p>Radicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seeds typically exhibit hypogeal germination?

    <p>Maize and peas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is food stored in monocot seeds?

    <p>In the endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the germination process of a seed?

    <p>Rapid uptake of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cotyledon function in a dicot seed during germination?

    <p>It provides food for the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dicot seeds?

    <p>Food stored in endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines unisexual flowers in plants?

    <p>They contain either only male or only female parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of flowers in plants?

    <p>Facilitating sexual reproduction and seed formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes gametes in plants?

    <p>Male gametes are smaller and produced in larger quantities than female gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which process do pollen grains transfer from one flower to a stigma on another flower of the same species?

    <p>Cross-pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do insect-pollinated flowers typically have?

    <p>Bright colors, scent, and nectar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the flower after fertilization?

    <p>Sepals, petals, and stamens fall off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about wind-pollinated flowers?

    <p>They produce dry, light pollen grains in large quantities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fruit is characterized by a thick and fleshy wall?

    <p>Fleshy fruit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of dry fruits?

    <p>They enclose the seeds with a thin and dry wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is most likely involved in cross-pollination?

    <p>Insects like butterflies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant develops into the fruit after fertilization?

    <p>Ovary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to water-pollinated flowers?

    <p>Pollination occurs via water currents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the ovary wall after fertilization?

    <p>It transforms into the fruit wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flower is the reproductive part of a ______.

    <p>plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost whorl of a flower is called ______.

    <p>calyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flower that has both male and female reproductive parts is referred to as a ______ flower.

    <p>bisexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brightly colored parts of a flower that attract insects for pollination are called ______.

    <p>petals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innermost whorl of a flower, which represents the female reproductive part, is called ______.

    <p>gynoecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flower that lacks one or more whorls is known as an ______ flower.

    <p>incomplete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Male gametes are produced inside the ______ of the flower.

    <p>pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each stamen consists of two parts: anther and ______.

    <p>filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flowers that have only male or only female parts are called ______ flowers.

    <p>unisexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fusion of male and female gametes is known as ______.

    <p>fertilisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollination involves the transfer of ______ grains from the anther to the stigma.

    <p>pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The male gametes are produced in the ______.

    <p>anther</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flowers attract insects through bright colors and ______.

    <p>scent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilisation, the ovary develops into a ______.

    <p>fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fruit consists of the fruit wall and ______.

    <p>seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-pollination occurs when pollen grains transfer within the same flower or between ______ flowers on the same plant.

    <p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollen grains carried by insects are often ______ in nature.

    <p>sticky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many wind-pollinated flowers have large and ______ stigma to catch pollen.

    <p>feathery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process where male gametes are delivered to female gametes is part of ______.

    <p>fertilisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insects visit flowers primarily to gather ______.

    <p>nectar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilisation, the flower typically loses its ______ color.

    <p>bright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind-pollinated flowers produce ______ quantities of pollen grains.

    <p>large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insect-pollinated flowers typically produce a lot of ______ to attract pollinators.

    <p>nectar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The middle layer of a fruit is called the ______.

    <p>mesocarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner hard layer of a fruit is called the ______.

    <p>endocarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A seed consists of an embryo, one or two ______, and a protective seed coat.

    <p>cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During germination, the radicle grows downward to form the ______ system.

    <p>root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicot seeds, food is stored in the ______.

    <p>cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epigeal germination is characterized by the cotyledons being pushed above the ______.

    <p>soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which the embryo of a seed grows into a new plant is known as seed ______.

    <p>germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For successful germination, seeds require water, oxygen, and a suitable ______.

    <p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hypogeal germination, the ______ remains below the soil.

    <p>cotyledon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocot seeds typically store food in the ______.

    <p>endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gynoecium is the outermost whorl of a flower.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete flowers have all four whorls: calyx, corolla, stamens, and carpel.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Male gametes are produced inside the carpel of the flower.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Petals are typically colorless and dull to attract pollinators.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incomplete flowers may lack one or more whorls.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thalamus is formed from the upper portion of the pedicel and supports the flower parts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stamens consist of three parts: anther, filament, and ovary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bisexual flowers contain either male or female reproductive structures, but not both.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The middle layer of a fruit is called the exocarp.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seeds that develop from ovules are found inside the fruit wall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food in dicot seeds is primarily stored in the endosperm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypogeal germination is characterized by cotyledons remaining above the soil.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water, oxygen, and light are the three conditions necessary for seed germination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocot seeds typically have two cotyledons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The radicle and plumule are parts of the seed's embryo.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During epigeal germination, the cotyledons become green and form the first leaves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endosperm is present in dicot seeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first leaf of a germinating seed is formed from the radicle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A flower that contains only male reproductive parts is referred to as a bisexual flower.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollination can happen between different flowers on the same plant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fruit is considered a ripened ovule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insect-pollinated flowers often produce nectar to attract pollinators.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind-pollinated flowers typically have brightly colored petals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The zygote is formed from the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilisation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilisation, the ovary wall becomes the seed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cross pollination can occur between flowers of different species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nectar is produced by flowers to provide nourishment for pollen grains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilisation occurs before pollination in the reproductive cycle of plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flowers that are wind-pollinated have sticky pollen grains to adhere to pollinators.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dahlia and rose are examples of wind-pollinated flowers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nectar of flowers serves as food for insects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the thalamus play in a flower?

    <p>The thalamus is the flattened, enlarged portion of the pedicel that supports the flower's whorls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a flower protect its inner parts during the bud stage?

    <p>The flower protects its inner parts during the bud stage with sepals that form the calyx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the distinguishing features of a complete flower?

    <p>A complete flower has all four whorls: calyx, corolla, stamens, and carpel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the stigma in the flower's reproductive process?

    <p>The stigma is the part of the carpel that receives pollen grains during fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do petals contribute to plant reproduction?

    <p>Petals attract pollinators through their bright colors, aiding in pollination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one identify a unisexual flower?

    <p>A unisexual flower has either only male stamens or only female carpels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the typical structure of a stamen.

    <p>A stamen consists of two main parts: the anther, which produces pollen, and the filament, which supports the anther.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation occurs to the ovule and ovary after fertilization?

    <p>After fertilization, ovules develop into seeds, while the ovary develops into the fruit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main functions of a fruit in plant reproduction?

    <p>Fruits protect seeds from damage and help in their dispersal to various locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define dicotyledonous seeds and give two examples.

    <p>Dicotyledonous seeds have two cotyledons and store food in them. Examples include gram and kidney beans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of water in the germination process of seeds.

    <p>Water is necessary for seeds to swell, activate enzymes, and dissolve food stores for the embryo's growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes epigeal germination from hypogeal germination?

    <p>In epigeal germination, cotyledons emerge above the soil, while in hypogeal germination, they remain below ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the endosperm in monocot seeds?

    <p>The endosperm serves as the primary storage tissue, supplying nutrients to the developing embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the radicle and plumule during seed germination.

    <p>The radicle grows down to form the root system, while the plumule grows up to develop the shoot system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify three conditions necessary for seed germination.

    <p>Water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature are essential for seed germination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cotyledons function differently in dicot and monocot seeds?

    <p>Dicot seeds have two cotyledons for food storage, while monocot seeds have one cotyledon and store food primarily in the endosperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the cellular level when a seed absorbs water during germination?

    <p>Water activates enzymes that digest stored food, leading to the swelling and softening of the seed coat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one plant example for each type of germination: epigeal and hypogeal.

    <p>Bean seeds are an example of epigeal germination, while maize seeds exemplify hypogeal germination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between self-pollination and cross-pollination?

    <p>Self-pollination occurs within the same flower or between flowers of the same plant, while cross-pollination involves the transfer of pollen between flowers of different plants of the same species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do insect-pollinated flowers typically attract insects?

    <p>Insect-pollinated flowers attract insects by being brightly colored and producing nectar and pleasant scents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the changes a flower undergoes after fertilization.

    <p>After fertilization, the flower loses its bright color, and the sepals, petals, and stamens fall off, while the ovary increases in size to become the fruit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do gametes play in sexual reproduction of plants?

    <p>Gametes are sex cells, with male gametes produced in the anther and female gametes in the ovule, which fuse during fertilization to form a zygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of pollination in the plant reproductive process?

    <p>Pollination is significant because it allows for the transfer of pollen grains to the stigma, facilitating fertilization and seed formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes wind-pollinated flowers from insect-pollinated flowers?

    <p>Wind-pollinated flowers are typically small, inconspicuous, and produce light, dry pollen in large quantities, whereas insect-pollinated flowers are large, brightly colored, and produce sticky pollen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the process of fertilization in plants.

    <p>Fertilization involves the germination of the pollen grain on the stigma, the growth of the pollen tube into the ovule, and the fusion of male and female gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main parts of a fruit, and what do they develop from?

    <p>A fruit consists of the fruit wall (pericarp) and seeds, which develop from the ovary wall and ovules respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one characteristic of water-pollinated flowers.

    <p>Water-pollinated flowers have pollen grains that are adapted to be carried by water currents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the zygote, and what happens to it after fertilization?

    <p>The zygote is the product of the fusion of male and female gametes, which undergoes cell division and growth to eventually form a new plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does nectar play a role in the pollination process?

    <p>Nectar serves as food for insects, attracting them to flowers, which facilitates the transfer of pollen as they collect it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the types of fruits based on their structure.

    <p>Fruits can be classified as dry fruits, like peas, which have a thin, dry wall, or fleshy fruits, like mangoes, which have a thick, fleshy wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What properties of pollen grains facilitate wind pollination?

    <p>Pollen grains involved in wind pollination are light and dry, enabling them to be carried efficiently by the wind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ovary after the fertilization process is complete?

    <p>The ovary develops into a fruit, while the ovules inside develop into seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way in which cross-pollination is facilitated?

    <p>Cross-pollination is often facilitated by external agents like insects, birds, or wind, which carry pollen from one flower to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Flower Structure

    • The flower, the reproductive part of a plant, typically consists of four parts: calyx, corolla, stamens, and carpel (pistil).
    • The calyx, the outermost whorl, comprises sepals that protect the inner parts of the flower during the bud stage.
    • The corolla, the next inner whorl, consists of petals, brightly colored to attract insects for pollination.
    • The androecium, the third whorl, represents the male reproductive part, containing stamens, each with an anther and filament. The anther produces pollen grains, which contain male sex cells.
    • The gynoecium, the innermost whorl, forms the central part of the flower and represents the female reproductive part. It includes the carpel, which consists of an ovary, style, and stigma. The ovary contains ovules, which house the female sex cells.

    Complete and Incomplete Flowers

    • Complete flowers have all four whorls: calyx, corolla, stamens, and carpel. Examples: mustard, china rose, and pea.
    • Incomplete flowers lack one or more whorls. Examples: date palm and mulberry.

    Bisexual and Unisexual Flowers

    • Bisexual flowers, also called hermaphrodite flowers, possess both male (stamens) and female (carpels) reproductive parts. Examples: mustard, lily, pea, and china rose.
    • Unisexual flowers have either male or female reproductive parts. Examples: cucumber and gourd.

    Functions of Flowers

    • Reproduction: Flowers play a crucial role in sexual reproduction, leading to the formation of seeds and fruits.
    • Ornamental value: Flowering plants are cultivated for their aesthetic appeal, bright colors, and fragrance.
    • Food source: Nectar produced by flowers serves as food for insects.

    Sexual Reproduction in Plants

    • Gametes: Male and female gametes fuse during sexual reproduction to produce a new organism. Male gametes are produced in the anther and are typically smaller and more numerous than female gametes, which are produced in the ovule.
    • Fertilization: The fusion of male and female gametes constitutes fertilization. This results in the formation of a zygote, which undergoes cell division and growth, ultimately leading to the development of a new plant.

    Pollination

    • Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same or a different flower.
    • Self-pollination: Pollen transfer within the same flower or between flowers on the same plant.
    • Cross-pollination: Pollen transfer between flowers on different individuals of the same species.
    • Agents of Pollination: Wind, water, insects, birds, and other animals can facilitate cross-pollination.

    Insect-Pollinated Flowers

    • Characteristics: Brightly colored, fragrant, produce nectar, possess sticky pollen grains, and produce fewer pollen grains.
    • Examples: Dahlia, rose, Salvia, mustard, marigold, and sunflower.

    Wind-Pollinated Flowers

    • Characteristics: Small and inconspicuous, lack nectar and scent, produce dry pollen grains in large quantities, and have large, feathery stigmas.
    • Examples: Wheat, maize, palm, and grasses.

    Water-Pollinated Flowers

    • Examples: Hydrilla and Vallisneria

    Fertilization

    • The pollen grain germinates on the stigma, forming a pollen tube.
    • The pollen tube grows down the style, carrying two male gametes.
    • The pollen tube enters the ovule, containing the female gamete (egg cell).
    • One male gamete fuses with the female gamete, completing fertilization.

    Formation of Fruit and Seed

    • Changes after fertilization: The flower loses its color, sepals, petals, and stamens fall off, the ovary increases in size to form the fruit, and the ovary wall becomes the fruit wall.
    • Fruit: The ripened ovary of a plant, often edible.
    • Dry Fruits: Thin, dry fruit wall, Examples: pea, cotton, lady's finger, maize, sunflower, and bean.
    • Fleshy Fruits: Thick, fleshy fruit wall, Examples: mango, tomato, brinjal, orange, coconut, and plum.

    Parts of a Fruit

    • Fruit Wall (Pericarp): Developed from the ovary wall, can be thick or thin, dry or fleshy.
    • Epicarp: The outer, thin layer of the pericarp, protective function.
    • Mesocarp: The middle, fleshy layer of the pericarp.
    • Endocarp: The inner, hard layer of the pericarp, containing the seeds.
    • Seed: Formed from the ovule, contains the embryo, one or two cotyledons, and a protective seed coat.

    Functions of a Fruit

    • Protection: Protects seeds from animals and harsh environmental conditions.
    • Dispersal: Aids in seed dispersal to new locations.
    • Food Storage: Stores food material for the developing plant.

    The Seed

    • Embryo: Contains the plumule (future shoot system) and radicle (future root system).
    • Cotyledons: Store reserve food for the developing plant.
    • Seed Coat: Protective layer surrounding the seed.

    Types of Seeds

    • Dicotyledonous Seeds (Dicots): Seeds with two cotyledons, Examples: gram, pea, and beans.
    • Monocotyledonous Seeds (Monocots): Seeds with one cotyledon, Examples: maize, wheat, and rice.

    Seed Germination

    • Process: The embryo of a seed becomes active and grows into a new plant.
    • Conditions: Water, oxygen (air), and favorable temperature.
    • Epigeal Germination: Cotyledons are pushed above the soil, Examples: bean, castor, sunflower, papaya, cucumber, and cotton.
    • Hypogeal Germination: Cotyledons remain below the soil, Examples: maize, gram, and pea.

    Differences between Dicot and Monocot Seeds

    • Dicot Seeds: Two cotyledons, no endosperm, food stored in cotyledons, seed coat separate from the fruit wall.
    • Monocot Seeds: One cotyledon, endosperm present, food stored in endosperm, seed coat and fruit wall fused.

    Flower Structure

    • Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants.
    • They are responsible for producing the seeds that create new plants.
    • A typical flower's structure consists of four main parts:
      • Calyx: Outermost whorl comprising of sepals, which protect the flower in its bud stage.
      • Corolla: The next inner whorl consisting of petals, their bright colors attract insects for pollination.
      • Androecium: The male reproductive part of the flower, consisting of stamens. Stamens produce pollen grains, containing the male gametes.
      • Gynoecium: Innermost whorl, forming the central part of the flower. It's the female reproductive part, consisting of a carpel or pistil, containing the ovary, style, stigma, and ovules, where the female sex cell is located.
    • Flowers can be complete or incomplete, depending on whether all four whorls are present.
    • Complete flowers have all parts, while incomplete flowers lack one or more.
    • Flowers can also be bisexual (hermaphrodite) or unisexual based on their reproductive parts.
    • Bisexual flowers have both male and female reproductive parts, while unisexual flowers have only male or only female parts.

    Functions of a Flower

    • Flowers play a critical role in plant reproduction, leading to the production of seeds and fruits.
    • They have significant ornamental value and are used for landscaping and decoration.
    • The nectar within flowers provides food for insects, furthering the pollination process.

    Sexual Reproduction in Plants

    • Sexual reproduction in plants involves the fusion of male and female gametes to produce a new organism.
    • Male gametes (sperm) are produced in the anther, and female gametes (eggs) are produced inside the ovule.
    • The fusion of these gametes is called fertilization, resulting in a zygote, which eventually forms the new plant.

    Pollination

    • Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
    • Pollination can occur within the same flower, between flowers on the same plant, or between flowers on different plants of the same species.
    • Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen within the same flower or from one flower to another on the same plant.
    • Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen between flowers on different plants.
    • Pollination is often facilitated by external agents such as wind, water, insects, birds, or other animals.
    • Insect pollination is characterized by:
      • Brightly colored flowers to attract insects
      • Production of scent to attract insects
      • Production of nectar to provide food for insects.
    • Wind pollination is characterized by:
      • Light and dry pollen grains produced in large numbers
      • Large and feathery stigmas to catch wind-borne pollen.
    • Water pollination is observed in aquatic plants, where water currents carry pollen from male flowers to female stigmas.

    Fertilization

    • Fertilization takes place after pollination, marking the beginning of seed formation.
    • It involves the fusion of the male gamete (from the pollen grain) with the female gamete (egg cell) inside the ovule.
    • The following steps are involved in fertilization:
      • Pollen grain germinates on the stigma, forming a pollen tube that travels down the style.
      • The pollen tube carries the male gametes to the ovule.
      • The male gamete fuses with the female gamete.

    Formation of Fruit and Seed

    • The flower undergoes several changes following fertilization.
    • The petals and stamens fall off.
    • The ovary grows and develops into a fruit.
    • The ovules within the ovary form seeds.

    Parts of a Fruit

    • A fruit is essentially the ripened ovary of a plant.
    • It is often the edible part of the plant.
    • Fruits can be classified as dry or fleshy:
      • Dry fruits have a thin, dry fruit wall, e.g., pea, cotton.
      • Fleshy fruits have a thick, fleshy fruit wall, e.g., mango, tomato.
    • The fruit wall, or pericarp, can be further divided into three layers:
      • Epicarp: The outer protective layer.
      • Mesocarp: The middle fleshy layer.
      • Endocarp: The inner layer that encloses the seeds.
    • Fruits can contain one or multiple seeds.

    Functions of a Fruit

    • Fruits offer protection to seeds from animals and adverse weather conditions.
    • They facilitate the dispersal of seeds to distant locations.
    • Fruits are a source of food and nutrients.

    The Seed

    • Seeds are the result of fertilization.
    • A seed contains an embryo, cotyledons, and a seed coat.
    • The embryo, represented by a plumule (shoot) and a radicle (root), has the potential to develop into a new plant.
    • The cotyledons often store food reserves for the developing embryo.

    Types of Seeds

    • Seeds are categorized as dicotyledonous (dicots) or monocotyledonous (monocots) based on the number of cotyledons present.
    • Dicot seeds have two cotyledons, e.g., gram, pea, bean.
    • Monocot seeds have one cotyledon, e.g., maize, wheat, rice.

    Seed Germination

    • Seed germination is the process where the embryo of a seed becomes active and begins to grow into a new plant.
    • It involves the following steps:
      • Water absorption by the seed, causing it to swell and soften the seed coat.
      • Activation of enzymes that digest the food stored in the seed, providing nutrients for the embryo.
      • Growth of the radicle (root) and plumule (shoot).
      • The radicle anchors the plant in the soil, and the plumule grows upwards to form leaves and the shoot system.

    Conditions for Germination

    • Germination requires three essential conditions:
      • Water for seed swelling and to dissolve stored food.
      • Oxygen (air) for respiration.
      • Favourable temperature for seedling growth.

    Types of Germination

    • Germination can be classified as epigeal or hypogeal:
      • Epigeal germination: The cotyledons are raised above the soil due to faster hypocotyl elongation, e.g., bean, sunflower.
      • Hypogeal germination: The cotyledons remain below the soil because the epicotyl grows faster, e.g., maize, gram.

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