Flavr Savr Tomato Production
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary application of gene guns in biotechnology?

  • Designing new drugs
  • Creating synthetic hormones
  • Plant engineering and research (correct)
  • Harvesting stem cells

    • Which method allows DNA to enter cells by creating temporary pores in the cell membrane?

  • Electroporation (correct)
  • Chemical vectors
  • Gene gun
  • Microinjection

    • Which technique is recognized for its precision in injecting genetic material into single cells?

  • Chemical vectors
  • Electroporation
  • Gene gun
  • Microinjection (correct)

    • What type of nanoparticles are most commonly studied as nanocarriers for drugs and gene delivery?

    <p>Polymeric nanoparticles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential in the electroporation technique to hold therapeutic DNA?

    <p>Cuvette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of liposomes in biotechnology?

    <p>Vaccine development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is least likely to be used for creating transgenic animals?

    <p>Chemical vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemical vector consists of natural or synthetic polymers that can condense DNA?

    <p>Polymeric vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by excessive mucus production in the lungs?

    <p>Cystic Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a dominant allele differ from a recessive allele?

    <p>A dominant allele is always expressed, while a recessive allele requires two copies to be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is primarily sex-linked?

    <p>Color Blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the genotype of an organism?

    <p>The genetic makeup of the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about autosomal traits is accurate?

    <p>They can affect both genders with an equal ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of silencing the RNA responsible for pectin production in the FLAVR SAVR tomato?

    <p>To increase the shelf life of tomatoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step involves the use of restriction enzymes in the production of the FLAVR SAVR tomato?

    <p>Cutting the Antisense PG cDNA into pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Bacillus thuringiensis in Bt corn?

    <p>To provide insecticidal protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT part of the creation of the FLAVR SAVR tomato?

    <p>Transforming the maize plant with Cry1Ab gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is E. coli used in the process of creating genetically modified organisms like FLAVR SAVR tomato?

    <p>It serves as a host for DNA replication and plasmid cultivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modification is made to the Cry1Ab gene for use in Bt corn?

    <p>The gene is changed to work better in maize plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Agrobacterium tumefaciens contribute to the creation of genetically modified plants?

    <p>It transfers defined sequences of DNA to plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the incorporation of the Cry1Ab gene in Bt corn?

    <p>It is designed to combat lepidopteran pests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mechanical isolation in reproductive barriers?

    <p>Prevents successful inbreeding due to differing reproductive organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes gametic isolation?

    <p>Fertilization is prevented due to incompatibilities between eggs and sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Hybrid Inviability?

    <p>Mating occurs, but the fertilized eggs fail to develop beyond embryonic stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about hybrid sterility?

    <p>Gonads in hybrids develop abnormally, rendering them sterile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes allopatric speciation?

    <p>Geographically isolated populations prevent or interfere with gene flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hybrid breakdown?

    <p>The F1 hybrids are vigorous, but the F2 generation includes weak or sterile individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sympatric speciation occur?

    <p>From genetic mutations that allow species to evolve in the same area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a post-zygotic isolation mechanism?

    <p>Hybrid sterility prevents hybrids from reproducing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of parapatric speciation?

    <p>A new species is formed from an isolated population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a dominant allele?

    <p>It can mask the expression of a recessive allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Segregation state?

    <p>Only one allele for each trait is passed to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a recessive allele expressed in an organism?

    <p>It is expressed only if two copies are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is inherited in a sex-linked manner?

    <p>Vitamin D-resistant rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes a genotype?

    <p>The unique sequence of DNA for a specific characteristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do autosomal chromosomes refer to?

    <p>All chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the Father of Genetics?

    <p>Gregor Mendel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    FLAVR SAVR TOMATO

    • Developed as an alternative to commercial tomatoes, prioritizing shelf life.
    • Achieved by silencing the polygalacturonase (PG) gene, crucial for pectin production in tomato walls.
    • Process involves isolating the PG gene and synthesizing the Antisense PG gene.
    • The Antisense PG cDNA inserted into plant cells to silence the PG protein enzyme.

    INSERTION INTO PLANT CELLS

    • Antisense PG cDNA is cut by restriction enzymes and inserted into Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which can infect plant cells.
    • Utilizes a CaMV promoter for RNA polymerase binding to DNA.
    • E. coli serves as host for the plasmid for easy replication.
    • The modified Agrobacterium tumefaciens, now called ti-plasmid, transfers the gene to tomato cells via transformation or a gene gun.

    BT CORN

    • Genetically modified to produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis.
    • Provides resistance against specific pests, including lepidopterans (like corn borers) and coleopterans (like corn rootworms).
    • The Cry1Ab gene, modified in laboratories for better maize integration, is transformed into corn using biolistics or a gene gun technology.

    TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGIES

    • Gene Gun: A high-pressure device that shoots DNA-coated particles into cells.
    • Electroporation: Uses electrical pulses to create temporary pores in cell membranes, allowing DNA entry.
    • Microinjection: A precise technique injecting genetic material into individual cells, commonly used in creating transgenic animals.

    CHEMICAL VECTORS

    • Polymeric Vectors: Natural or synthetic polymers condensing DNA into nanoparticles for cell entry.
    • Liposomes: Spherical vesicles made of lipid bilayers encapsulating DNA/RNA for drug delivery.

    REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION MECHANISMS

    • Pre-Zygotic Barriers:

      • Mechanical Isolation: Different reproductive organs prevent mating.
      • Gametic Isolation: Sperm and egg incompatibility inhibits fertilization.

    • Post-Zygotic Barriers:

      • Hybrid Inviability: Fertilized eggs fail to develop properly.
      • Hybrid Sterility: Hybrids are sterile due to abnormal gonad development.
      • Hybrid Breakdown: F1 hybrids are viable, but F2 generation contains weak or sterile individuals.

    MODES OF SPECIATION

    • Allopatric Speciation: New species arise due to geographic isolation.
    • Sympatric Speciation: New species evolve within the same geographic region through genetic mutation.
    • Parapatric Speciation: Smaller isolated populations develop into new species while remaining in proximity to the larger group.

    GENETIC TERMINOLOGY

    • Gene: DNA segments encoding proteins or functional RNA.
    • Allele: Variant forms of a gene that influence traits.
    • Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.
    • Phenotype: The observable traits conditioned by the genotype.

    MENDEL'S PRINCIPLES

    • Law of Segregation: Each organism inherits one allele for each trait from each parent.
    • Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.

    INHERITANCE PATTERNS

    • Dominant Alleles: Expressed if present and represented by capital letters.
    • Recessive Alleles: Only expressed if two copies are present, represented by lowercase letters.

    AUTOSOMAL VS. SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE

    • Autosomal Traits: Involve chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.
    • Sex-linked Traits: Involve genes located on sex chromosomes, primarily affecting males.

    DISORDERS BY INHERITANCE

    • Dominant Disorders: Huntington's Disease, Dwarfism, Polydactyly.
    • Recessive Disorders: Albinism, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia.
    • Sex-linked Disorders: Color Blindness, Hemophilia.

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    Gene Editing Techniques & Applications PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the process of creating the Flavr Savr tomato, the first genetically modified tomato. It covers the silencing of pectin-producing RNA and the steps involved in the production. Test your knowledge about this significant agricultural innovation.

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