Five-Factor Model of Personality Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the main conclusion from O'Connor's research regarding personality inventories?

  • The FFM captures only normal personality traits.
  • Abnormal personality traits are unrelated to normal traits.
  • Basic dimensions of personality inventories are well captured by the FFM. (correct)
  • Personality inventories reflect a simplistic view of personality.

    • Which dimension did Samuel et al find associated with borderline personality disorder?

  • Agreeableness
  • Openness
  • Extraversion
  • Neuroticism (correct)

    • What did the meta-analytic studies by Markon et al reveal about the five-factor solution?

  • It supports a single-factor model of personality.
  • It ignores personality dimensions found in other inventories.
  • It resembles the Big Five factor structure. (correct)
  • It is distinct from the Big Five factor structure.

    • What aspect of personality did Stepp et al focus on in their research?

    <p>The integration of FFM with dimensional models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dependent traits characterized in relation to FFM?

    <p>They are extreme variants of FFM agreeableness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method was used by Samuel et al to analyze maladaptive personality traits?

    <p>Item response theory analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality trait was found to be an extreme variant associated with obsessive-compulsive traits?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the inter-battery factor analyses conducted by O'Connor examine?

    <p>Correlations involving FFM variables and other personality inventories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable failing of the DSM-IV-TR personality disorder nomenclature?

    <p>Insufficient guidelines for all personality disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Five Factor Model (FFM) differ from the DSM-IV-TR in terms of personality disorders?

    <p>It provides a more homogeneous set of traits with distinct treatment implications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personality does neuroticism provide insight into?

    <p>Mood, anxiety, and emotional dysregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of the FFM in the context of treatment planning for personality disorders?

    <p>It allows for individualized descriptions of personality with treatment implications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does maladaptively high openness imply about an individual?

    <p>They are prone to cognitive-perceptual distortions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to create consistent treatment plans for personalities classified in DSM-IV-TR?

    <p>There is a high level of variability within each character disorder category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential change is DSM-5 making in relation to the FFM?

    <p>Incorporating a five-domain dimensional model alongside traditional classifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does high conscientiousness typically relate to?

    <p>Occupational dysfunction with varying implications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation of the categorical model does the FFM aim to address?

    <p>Heterogeneity within diagnoses and lack of consistent diagnostic thresholds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a score of 71 or above on the global assessment of functioning scale indicate?

    <p>Normal range of functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one proposed advantage of a dimensional classification approach to personality disorders?

    <p>It allows flexibility in setting different thresholds for various decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the six personality disorder types proposed for DSM-5?

    <p>Histrionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor did the genetic analyses identify as influencing individual differences in borderline personality?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the conclusion of Saulsman and Page's meta-analysis regarding personality disorders?

    <p>They align with the five-factor model of normal personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the DSM-5 emotional dysregulation align with the five-factor model?

    <p>It maps to FFM neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Livesley conclude regarding DSM categorical diagnoses?

    <p>They can all be accommodated within the five-factor framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is used to create a matching index between an individual’s personality profile and FFM profiles?

    <p>Summing the number of personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the DSM-5 proposal for personality disorders is accurate?

    <p>It focuses on a five-domain dimensional model of traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RDoC domain corresponds to FFM's neuroticism?

    <p>Negative affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the FFM of personality disorder?

    <p>To provide an alternative means of conceptualizing and diagnosing personality disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maladaptive trait is associated with FFM extraversion when taken to extremes?

    <p>Recklessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait aligns with DSM-5 disinhibition according to the FFM?

    <p>Low conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second step in diagnosing a personality disorder using the FFM?

    <p>Identify maladaptive traits associated with the FFM facets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the FFM of personality disorder considered dimensional?

    <p>It acknowledges the continuum of traits in personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is included in the diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder in DSM-5?

    <p>Emotional lability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does the DSM-IV-TR categorical diagnosis possess?

    <p>It overlooks nuances in personality disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does the FFM address regarding the DSM-IV-TR personality disorders?

    <p>Overlapping categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FFM conscientiousness relate to in terms of RDoC domains?

    <p>Arousal/regulatory systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the FFM differ from the proposed DSM-5 dimensional trait model?

    <p>FFM includes maladaptive variants of traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary after describing a person using the FFM?

    <p>Identify the maladaptive traits associated with the FFM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents an arbitrary threshold in the assessment of personality disorders?

    <p>The cutoff score of 60 for clinically significant impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following increases the challenges of applying FFM to clinical settings?

    <p>The complexity of matching profiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the RDoC approach the domain of cognition?

    <p>It includes psychoticism and cognitive-perceptual aberration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about the variability of findings across different assessment instruments according to Samuel and Widiger?

    <p>They noted significant variation in strength of findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers aim to develop related to the FFM facets?

    <p>Measures for assessing maladaptive variants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential concern regarding the FFM in relation to personality disorders?

    <p>It may result in overly complex profiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the DSM-5 dimensional trait model confined to just 25 traits?

    <p>To ensure ease of acceptance among clinicians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of conceptualizing personality disorders from the FFM perspective?

    <p>Improvement in understanding etiology and outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the FFM help explain regarding personality disorders?

    <p>The diagnostic co-occurrence among them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable failing of the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic categories?

    <p>They had excessive diagnostic co-occurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many maladaptive traits does the FFM include?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait is shared by avoidant and dependent personality disorders?

    <p>Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which personality disorder displayed poor differentiation using FFM descriptions?

    <p>Dependent Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is NOT associated with neuroticism?

    <p>Fearlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the excessive overlap seen in DSM-IV-TR personality disorders?

    <p>The use of a limited number of traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a trait included in the FFM but omitted in the DSM-5 dimensional model?

    <p>Excitement-seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the dimensional trait proposal for DSM-5?

    <p>It emphasizes a unipolar structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general goal of conceptualizing personality disorders within a dimensional trait model?

    <p>To organize disorders within a five-domain framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait in the FFM is associated with emotional instability?

    <p>Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is characterized by a lack of emotional responsiveness?

    <p>Social withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way the Five Factor Model (FFM) assists in understanding gender differences in personality disorders?

    <p>It explains differential sex prevalence rates as variations of FFM domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of the FFM is highlighted as having better outcomes compared to the DSM-IV-TR?

    <p>Temporal stability across the lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Samuel and Widiger's research contribute to the understanding of personality disorders and FFM?

    <p>They empirically demonstrate the correlation between FFM traits and DSM-IV personality disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is noted as having a discrepancy in gender prevalence when compared to FFM predictions?

    <p>Histrionic Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the advantages of using the FFM in clinical settings?

    <p>It helps clinicians identify both personality strengths and deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lynam and Widiger, how can FFM aid in understanding personality disorders?

    <p>By viewing personality disorders as maladaptive variants of FFM domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personality is less emphasized in the DSM-IV-TR compared to the FFM?

    <p>The understanding of personality as a dynamic construct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion did Warner et al. reach regarding changes in FFM traits and personality disorders?

    <p>Changes in FFM traits can predict changes in personality disorders but not the reverse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects is considered a disadvantage of the DSM-IV-TR personality disorders?

    <p>They often lack sufficient temporal stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the criticisms regarding gender bias in the DSM-IV-TR personality disorders?

    <p>Women are diagnosed with disorders more frequently than men without justification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration for clinicians when addressing personality disorders according to the FFM?

    <p>Address individual components and traits of personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the FFM relate to treatment planning for personality disorders?

    <p>It identifies strengths that might suggest beneficial treatment approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did empirical studies indicate about the relationship between FFM and DSM-IV-TR constructs?

    <p>FFM constructs showed higher diagnostic reliability than DSM-IV-TR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the FFM play in the discussion of stigmatization associated with personality disorders?

    <p>It recognizes that individuals are more than their disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Five-Factor Model (FFM) of Personality Disorder

    • FFM aims to conceptualize and diagnose personality disorders as variants of normal personality traits, unlike the categorical DSM-IV-TR approach.
    • Empirical research supports the FFM's ability to capture the dimensions found in other personality inventories, using factor analyses and meta-analyses of normal and abnormal personality measures.
    • Maladaptive personality traits, as assessed in models like Livesley's and Clark's, are positioned along the same latent traits as traits in the FFM. Borderline personality disorder symptoms align with FFM neuroticism.
    • FFM traits (e.g., agreeableness, conscientiousness) are seen as extreme variants of normal personality traits.

    Diagnosis Procedure

    • A four-step procedure for diagnosing personality disorder using the FFM:
      • Step 1: Obtaining an FFM description of the person using various self-report inventories, interviews, or rating scales.
      • Step 2: Identifying maladaptive traits associated with elevated FFM facets; specific impairments associated with each facet are documented.
      • Step 3: Determining if impairments and distress warrant a diagnosis of personality disorder. Dimensional aspects are considered, but also clinical decisions (like hospitalization) require specific threshold scores.
      • Step 4: Matching individual's FFM profile to prototypic profiles of various syndromes (e.g., correlating with a prototype case), or summing maladaptive variants.

    FFM and DSM-5

    • DSM-5 proposes a dimensional model of personality disorders (Section 3) which is an extension of the FFM, with 5 domains that align well with the FFM domains.
    • DSM-5 retains six personality disorder types. Criteria for specific disorders, like borderline personality disorder, align well with FFM traits from the Five Factor Borderline Inventory.

    Advantages of FFM

    • FFM allows a better understanding of the etiology, course, temporal stability, genetics, and neural functioning of personality disorder, compared to the DSM-IV-TR model.
    • Addresses problems with the DSM-IV-TR, such as excessive co-occurrence and overlapping categories of diagnosis.
    • Explaining diagnostic co-occurrence among personality disorders by demonstrating shared FFM traits. For instance, avoidant and schizoid disorders share introversion as a common FFM trait.
    • Addresses gender bias identified with DSM-IV-TR, using FFM to help understand the basis for different gender prevalences. The FFM framework predicted no differential sex prevalence rate for histrionic disorder, while DSM-IV-TR reports more significant differences.
    • Offers high temporal stability across the lifespan, allowing better predictive validity for future changes in FFM personality traits with respect to changes in a personality disorder diagnosis.
    • The FFM permits individualized descriptions to recognize strengths as well as deficits, helpful for treatment planning.
    • More homogenous trait constructs than the DSM-IV-TR categories lead to more specific treatment implications.

    Limitations and Criticisms

    • The FFM is potentially complex, which is considered a limitation, especially regarding its consideration of over 100 maladaptive traits, versus DSM-5's 25.
    • Despite extensive overlap in the DSM-IV-TR system, critics argue FFM might not provide adequate differentiation between disorders. This irony is in contrast with the many of the issues with co-morbidity, overlap, and categorical limitations of the DSM-IV-TR system.
    • Some existing personality constructs correlate with multiple FFM domains, which is acknowledged to be one of the limits of the FFM approach.

    Conclusion

    • The FFM offers a promising alternative to the categorical approach, allowing a common hierarchical structure to integrate normal and abnormal personality.
    • The convergence of the FFM and DSM-5's dimensional model in DSM-5 Section 3 represents a significant move towards FFM's proposed structure.

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    Description

    Explore the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality disorders which conceptualizes these disorders as variations of normal personality traits. This quiz covers the empirical support for FFM, its diagnostic procedures, and the relationship between maladaptive traits and normal personality dimensions. Test your understanding of how FFM traits apply to various personality disorders.

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