Fisheries Management Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between capture fisheries and culture fisheries?

  • Capture fisheries focus on harvesting wild fish, while culture fisheries involve raising fish in controlled environments. (correct)
  • Capture fisheries are only practiced in the ocean, while culture fisheries are practiced in inland waters.
  • Capture fisheries use more advanced fishing gear than culture fisheries.
  • Capture fisheries are more sustainable than culture fisheries.
  • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of capture fisheries?

  • Fish are harvested from natural environments.
  • Fish yield gradually decreases due to overfishing.
  • Techniques vary from hand picking to advanced fishing vessels.
  • Seed is stocked to enhance fish populations. (correct)
  • What is the primary focus of culture fisheries?

  • Maximizing the natural fish population in a specific area.
  • Cultivating selected species of fish in controlled environments for maximum yield. (correct)
  • Developing new and improved fishing gear for capturing fish.
  • Utilizing traditional fishing methods to catch wild fish.
  • What is the main difference between marine fisheries and inland capture fisheries?

    <p>Marine fisheries take place in the ocean, while inland capture fisheries take place in rivers and reservoirs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle behind most fishing gears and methods?

    <p>Depleting fish populations for future generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a stationary fishing gear used in capture fisheries?

    <p>Fish traps. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using supplementary feeds in culture fisheries?

    <p>To increase the yield of fish in controlled environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using highly sophisticated fishing systems?

    <p>To increase the efficiency of fish harvesting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason egg products are preferred over shell eggs by commercial entities?

    <p>Convenience and labor savings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following must be done to all egg products according to the egg product inspection act?

    <p>They must be pasteurized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to egg yolk when frozen without additives?

    <p>It becomes gummy and thick. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additive can help prevent gelation of egg yolk during freezing?

    <p>10% sugar or salt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range used for pasteurizing egg products?

    <p>60-62°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical freezing temperature for egg products?

    <p>-30°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically included in blends of frozen egg products?

    <p>Milk or sugar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are spoiled eggs rejected during processing?

    <p>They can spoil the good product. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition qualifies an animal as 'unfit' for slaughter?

    <p>Animal has a fever of 106°F or more. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following categories requires further evaluation during ante-mortem inspection?

    <p>Suspect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome for animals that require treatment before slaughter?

    <p>Slaughter under special precautions may occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the process of 'casualty slaughter'?

    <p>Slaughter of animals with chronic conditions not in immediate pain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is 'emergency slaughter' justified?

    <p>When an animal is in acute pain or suffering from severe injuries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines 'segregated slaughter'?

    <p>Animals suspected of contagious diseases being slaughtered under special conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal is considered 'fit' for slaughter?

    <p>A healthy animal free from diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of animals are not passed for slaughter due to their condition?

    <p>Animals displaying established symptoms of diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct method to examine for fascioliasis in the liver?

    <p>Incise the thin portion of the left lobe and examine the contents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a possible fluke infestation during a liver examination?

    <p>Cutting the bile duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can be checked by palpating the mesenteric lymph nodes?

    <p>TB lesions in the intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ requires inspection for TB lesions and anthrax during a general examination?

    <p>Spleen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bruises characterized 24 hours after an injury during carcass inspection?

    <p>Dark color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a carcass or organ is deemed unfit for human consumption?

    <p>Dispose of it following scientific procedure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a bruise change in appearance after 3 days?

    <p>Becomes rusty orange and soapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a postmortem examination, what type of report should a competent veterinarian submit?

    <p>Fit for human consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary objectives of ante-mortem inspection?

    <p>To detect diseases that may escape post-mortem examination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical environmental condition required for lairage during ante-mortem inspection?

    <p>Isolation pens for sick animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pre-slaughter rest benefit muscle quality in meat?

    <p>Preserves glycogen levels for lactic acid production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT typically screened for during ante-mortem inspection?

    <p>Kettle-borne disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to compromised meat quality under stressed conditions?

    <p>Increased lactic acid due to inadequate oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does competent veterinary personnel play in ante-mortem inspection?

    <p>They conduct the examination of animals before sending them to lairage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential documentation aspect of the ante-mortem inspection process?

    <p>Recording animal diseases prevalent in the region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT improve ante-mortem inspection efficiency?

    <p>Reducing inspection time to meet quotas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the general examination in ante-mortem inspection?

    <p>To classify animals into health categories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the general examination, which behavior might indicate an abnormal condition in the animals?

    <p>Walking in circles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to animals classified as unhealthy during the ante-mortem inspection?

    <p>They undergo detailed clinical examination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a parameter assessed during the detailed clinical examination?

    <p>Blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with animals suffering from fever during the clinical examination?

    <p>Retained for treatment outside the meat plant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of palpating lymph nodes during the clinical examination?

    <p>To detect swelling and abnormalities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is specifically prohibited from being slaughtered during ante-mortem inspection?

    <p>Pregnant animals or those that have recently given birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for animals undergoing treatment before they can be slaughtered?

    <p>A 'no objection certificate' from veterinarians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pre-slaughter rest

    A period for animals to recover before slaughter to maintain muscle glycogen levels.

    Glycogen preservation

    Maintaining glycogen levels in muscles to enhance meat quality.

    Anaerobic respiration

    A process that occurs when muscles lack oxygen, producing lactic acid.

    Ante-mortem inspection

    Inspection of animals 12 to 24 hours before slaughter for fitness.

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    Disease detection

    Finding infectious diseases in animals during ante-mortem inspection.

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    Animal identification

    Accurate identification of animals before slaughter for effective inspection.

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    Lairage design

    Facility requirements for holding animals before slaughter, ensuring comfort and hygiene.

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    Qualified veterinary personnel

    Trained veterinarians who conduct ante-mortem inspections.

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    Fit for Slaughter

    Animals free from disease, normal, and ready for slaughter.

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    Unfit for Slaughter

    Animals suffering from fever, emaciation, or pregnancy, not allowed for slaughter.

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    Suspect Animals

    Animals with unclear fitness for slaughter decided at inspection.

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    Special Precautions Slaughter

    Allowed for suspect animals that show disease symptoms under conditions.

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    Delayed Slaughter

    Animals needing treatment or have recent medical history; can’t be slaughtered immediately.

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    Stage-I: General examination

    The first step in ante-mortem inspection assessing overall health.

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    Segregated Slaughter

    Slaughtering suspect animals separately or end of day for further examination.

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    Casualty Slaughter

    For animals in chronic conditions needing relief, but not in immediate danger.

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    Healthy animals

    Animals cleared for slaughter after general examination.

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    Emergency Slaughter

    For animals suffering extreme pain or serious conditions requiring immediate euthanasia.

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    Unhealthy animals

    Animals identified as diseased and require further examination.

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    Group of apparently healthy

    Doubtful cases that need additional evaluation to confirm health.

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    Stage-II: Detailed clinical examination

    In-depth analysis of unhealthy and doubtful animals.

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    Retained for treatment

    Animals with fever must be kept for medical care before slaughter.

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    Pregnant animals

    Pregnant or recently calved animals are prohibited from slaughter.

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    Liver examination

    Inspect the liver for fatty changes, abscesses, and cysts.

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    Fascioliasis detection

    Incise the liver's left lobe to check for fascioliasis symptoms.

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    Lung palpation

    Check lungs for abscesses during an animal examination.

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    TB lesion inspection

    Examine intestine surfaces for tuberculosis lesions.

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    Spleen evaluation

    Inspect spleen for TB lesions, anthrax, or infarcts.

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    Uterus examination

    Check the uterus for septic conditions through palpation.

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    Carcass injuries

    Look for bruises and inflammation in the carcass.

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    Postmortem judgement

    Determining if carcass is fit or unfit for consumption.

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    Capture fisheries

    Exploitation of aquatic organisms without stocking seeds, recruiting species naturally.

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    Culture fisheries

    Cultivation of selected fishes in controlled environments to maximize yield.

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    Fishing techniques

    Methods used for catching fish, varying from handpicking to high-tech systems.

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    Fishing gears

    Tools and equipment developed for various fishing methods like nets and traps.

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    Trapping fish

    Catching fish using stationary gears such as traps and set nets.

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    Attracting fish

    Using bait or lures to entice fish to hooks for catching.

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    Fish harvesting systems

    Involves fishing vessels and gear used in the process of catching fish.

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    Diversity in capture fisheries

    Variety of species targeted in capture fisheries necessitating different methods.

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    Advantages of egg products

    Convenience, labor savings, minimal storage, and uniform quality.

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    Pasteurization

    Mandatory process for all egg products to eliminate pathogens.

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    Frozen egg products

    Includes whole eggs, whites, yolks, and various blends frozen for preservation.

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    Egg separation before freezing

    Eggs must be separated from the shell before freezing to preserve quality.

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    Gummy yolk problem

    Egg yolk becomes thick during freezing, which can be prevented.

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    Freezing temperature for eggs

    Eggs are frozen in a sharp freezer at -30°C to maintain quality.

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    Storage of frozen eggs

    Frozen egg products can be safely stored for long periods due to pasteurization.

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    Egg whites freezing

    Egg whites can be frozen without additives, preserving their properties.

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    Study Notes

    Present Status of Meat, Poultry and Fish Industry in India

    • Animal food is a good source of nutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrates, minerals).
    • Animal protein digestibility is higher (90-97%) than plant protein (75-99%).
    • Animal protein is nutritionally superior to plant protein.
    • PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score) values for animal and plant proteins range from 0.9-1.0 and 0.42-0.70 respectively.
    • PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio) and BV (Biological Value) also show animal protein is superior.
    • India has the world's largest livestock population (485 million).
    • India ranks second in goats, third in sheep, and seventh in poultry populations globally.
    • India is the top milk producer, but meat production is only 5 million tons annually (2% globally).
    • Broiler meat production is about 2.86 million tons annually.
    • India's poultry market is currently estimated at 49,000 crore rupees.
    • Processing capacity of over 1 million tonnes per annum is used only 40-50% in India for processed meat.
    • Only 1% of meat is value-added (sausages, ham, bacon, kabobs, meatballs, etc.).

    Status of Poultry Sector

    • India is the third largest egg and ninth largest poultry meat producer globally.
    • Egg production in 2010-11 reached 61.5 billion eggs (68% increase from 2000-01).
    • India ranks third in egg production globally (according to FAOSTAT data from 2010).
    • Poultry exports are primarily to Maldives and Oman.
    • Andhra Pradesh is the highest egg producer in India.

    Status of Fisheries Sector

    • India is the second largest fish producer globally.
    • Total fish production (2010-11) was 8.29 million tonnes (5.07 million tonnes from inland sector & 3.22 million tonnes from the marine sector).
    • The output of the fisheries sector was 67,913 crore rupees (4.9% of agriculture & allied output) in 2009-10
    • India's marine product exports exceeded 2 billion USD in 2010-11, reaching 12,901 crore.
    • Fisheries sector registered a significant 10% growth rate in export volume (2010-11).

    Pre-Slaughter Handling and Inspection of Animals

    • Animal transportation to slaughterhouses must be humane, avoiding cruelty.
    • Pre-slaughter rest is important for improving meat quality and reducing the risk of contamination.
    • Transportation methods should be designed to avoid overcrowding and animal harm.
    • Inspection of animals for illness before slaughter is mandatory for safety and quality control.

    Slaughtering Techniques and Post-Mortem Inspections

    • Stunning is a method of making animals unconscious before slaughter to eliminate pain, distress and stress
    • Common methods include stunning by striking on the head or electrical stunning (electrical current).
    • Slaughter procedures vary by religion (Halal, Kosher, Jhatka).
    • Bleeding is removing blood from the carcass to ensure quality and limit microbial growth.

    Rigor Mortis: Biochemical and Histological Changes

    • Rigor mortis is the post-mortem stiffening of muscles in animals, due to ATP depletion and metabolic changes related to energy depletion in the muscles.
    • The biochemical changes in muscle post death lead to the conversion of muscle to meat.
    • Changes in temperature, pH and protein structure occur after death.
    • Pre-rigor, rigor, and post-rigor stages are the different stages of the process of muscle transformation to meat.
    • Post-mortem conditions profoundly afffect the quality, texture, and taste of meat.

    Processing of Meat and Meat Products

    • Chilling is a widely used preservation method for raw and processed meat, slowing microbial growth and enzymatic reactions.
    • Freezing is used for long-term meat storage, preserving quality better; however, there is a risk of ice crystal formation, impacting meat texture and quality.
    • Heat processing (canning, curing, smoking) is used to make products safe for long-term storage and increase palatability.
    • Dehydration (drying) removes moisture to reduce microbial growth and extend shelf life.
    • Smoking uses wood smoke for flavor and preservation, but there are potential risks of carcinogens due to the chemicals in the smoke.

    Meat Hygiene and Sanitation in Meat and Poultry Industry

    • Meat hygiene is important for consumer health.
    • Strict hygiene practices at all stages of production, processing, and transportation are mandatory for maintaining meat quality and safety.
    • Standard operating procedures (SOPs) to ensure safety and efficiency, and regular monitoring of hygiene implementation are required.
    • Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) scheme are used to identify and control potential hazards during food processing (especially at the meat processing level).

    Egg: Structure, Composition and Quality

    • Eggs from hens and ducks are commonly eaten globally.
    • Eggs consist of shell, albumen (white), and yolk.
    • Egg protein is a complete protein, providing all essential amino acids.
    • Egg fat is concentrated in egg yolk and contains several important fatty acids.

    Processing of Egg

    • Eggs are processed into various forms for commercial, food service, and home use, including refrigerated liquid products, frozen products, and dried (dehydrated) products.
    • Specialty products, like freeze dried scrambled eggs or fried eggs, are also common.

    Fish Harvesting, Handling and Transportation

    • Fish is a significant protein source globally, with notable production in India.
    • Fish is harvested using various methods, including capture (from seas, rivers) and culture (in ponds).
    • Handling is crucial for fresh fish to preserve quality (minimizing microbial growth and spoilage).
    • Transport is essential from fishing location to market and storage. (Transportation is usually done by using ice-lined trucks for fresh fish transport from one place to other.)
    • Fish markets function as vital infrastructure for the fish production (from catching to consumer), in facilitating buying and selling processes ensuring efficiency and transparency as well as ensuring safety in the handling and transportation procedures.

    Processing and Preservation of Fish; Value Added Fishery Products

    • Fish is a significant source of protein and used in many various food items.
    • Different preservation methods (chilling, freezing, salting, smoking, canning) are used to increase its shelf life and minimise spoilage.
    • Many value-added products are created from fish, increasing profitability for producers and offering consumers variety. Fish sausages, fish fillets, fish cakes are examples of value added fish products.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the differences between capture fisheries and culture fisheries. This quiz covers key principles, characteristics, and techniques used in both types of fisheries. Understanding these concepts is crucial for sustainable fisheries management.

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