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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between capture fisheries and culture fisheries?
What is the primary difference between capture fisheries and culture fisheries?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of capture fisheries?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of capture fisheries?
What is the primary focus of culture fisheries?
What is the primary focus of culture fisheries?
What is the main difference between marine fisheries and inland capture fisheries?
What is the main difference between marine fisheries and inland capture fisheries?
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Which of the following is NOT a principle behind most fishing gears and methods?
Which of the following is NOT a principle behind most fishing gears and methods?
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Which of the following is an example of a stationary fishing gear used in capture fisheries?
Which of the following is an example of a stationary fishing gear used in capture fisheries?
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What is the significance of using supplementary feeds in culture fisheries?
What is the significance of using supplementary feeds in culture fisheries?
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What is the primary benefit of using highly sophisticated fishing systems?
What is the primary benefit of using highly sophisticated fishing systems?
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What is a primary reason egg products are preferred over shell eggs by commercial entities?
What is a primary reason egg products are preferred over shell eggs by commercial entities?
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Which of the following must be done to all egg products according to the egg product inspection act?
Which of the following must be done to all egg products according to the egg product inspection act?
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What happens to egg yolk when frozen without additives?
What happens to egg yolk when frozen without additives?
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Which additive can help prevent gelation of egg yolk during freezing?
Which additive can help prevent gelation of egg yolk during freezing?
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What is the temperature range used for pasteurizing egg products?
What is the temperature range used for pasteurizing egg products?
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What is the typical freezing temperature for egg products?
What is the typical freezing temperature for egg products?
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What is typically included in blends of frozen egg products?
What is typically included in blends of frozen egg products?
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Why are spoiled eggs rejected during processing?
Why are spoiled eggs rejected during processing?
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What condition qualifies an animal as 'unfit' for slaughter?
What condition qualifies an animal as 'unfit' for slaughter?
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Which of the following categories requires further evaluation during ante-mortem inspection?
Which of the following categories requires further evaluation during ante-mortem inspection?
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What is a possible outcome for animals that require treatment before slaughter?
What is a possible outcome for animals that require treatment before slaughter?
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What describes the process of 'casualty slaughter'?
What describes the process of 'casualty slaughter'?
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In which situation is 'emergency slaughter' justified?
In which situation is 'emergency slaughter' justified?
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What defines 'segregated slaughter'?
What defines 'segregated slaughter'?
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Which type of animal is considered 'fit' for slaughter?
Which type of animal is considered 'fit' for slaughter?
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What type of animals are not passed for slaughter due to their condition?
What type of animals are not passed for slaughter due to their condition?
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What is the correct method to examine for fascioliasis in the liver?
What is the correct method to examine for fascioliasis in the liver?
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Which of the following indicates a possible fluke infestation during a liver examination?
Which of the following indicates a possible fluke infestation during a liver examination?
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What condition can be checked by palpating the mesenteric lymph nodes?
What condition can be checked by palpating the mesenteric lymph nodes?
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Which organ requires inspection for TB lesions and anthrax during a general examination?
Which organ requires inspection for TB lesions and anthrax during a general examination?
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How are bruises characterized 24 hours after an injury during carcass inspection?
How are bruises characterized 24 hours after an injury during carcass inspection?
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What should be done if a carcass or organ is deemed unfit for human consumption?
What should be done if a carcass or organ is deemed unfit for human consumption?
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How does a bruise change in appearance after 3 days?
How does a bruise change in appearance after 3 days?
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During a postmortem examination, what type of report should a competent veterinarian submit?
During a postmortem examination, what type of report should a competent veterinarian submit?
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What is one of the primary objectives of ante-mortem inspection?
What is one of the primary objectives of ante-mortem inspection?
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What is a critical environmental condition required for lairage during ante-mortem inspection?
What is a critical environmental condition required for lairage during ante-mortem inspection?
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How does pre-slaughter rest benefit muscle quality in meat?
How does pre-slaughter rest benefit muscle quality in meat?
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Which disease is NOT typically screened for during ante-mortem inspection?
Which disease is NOT typically screened for during ante-mortem inspection?
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What factors contribute to compromised meat quality under stressed conditions?
What factors contribute to compromised meat quality under stressed conditions?
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What role does competent veterinary personnel play in ante-mortem inspection?
What role does competent veterinary personnel play in ante-mortem inspection?
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What is an essential documentation aspect of the ante-mortem inspection process?
What is an essential documentation aspect of the ante-mortem inspection process?
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Which of the following factors does NOT improve ante-mortem inspection efficiency?
Which of the following factors does NOT improve ante-mortem inspection efficiency?
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What is the primary goal of the general examination in ante-mortem inspection?
What is the primary goal of the general examination in ante-mortem inspection?
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During the general examination, which behavior might indicate an abnormal condition in the animals?
During the general examination, which behavior might indicate an abnormal condition in the animals?
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What happens to animals classified as unhealthy during the ante-mortem inspection?
What happens to animals classified as unhealthy during the ante-mortem inspection?
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Which of the following is NOT a parameter assessed during the detailed clinical examination?
Which of the following is NOT a parameter assessed during the detailed clinical examination?
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What should be done with animals suffering from fever during the clinical examination?
What should be done with animals suffering from fever during the clinical examination?
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What is the significance of palpating lymph nodes during the clinical examination?
What is the significance of palpating lymph nodes during the clinical examination?
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Which group of animals is specifically prohibited from being slaughtered during ante-mortem inspection?
Which group of animals is specifically prohibited from being slaughtered during ante-mortem inspection?
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What is required for animals undergoing treatment before they can be slaughtered?
What is required for animals undergoing treatment before they can be slaughtered?
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Flashcards
Pre-slaughter rest
Pre-slaughter rest
A period for animals to recover before slaughter to maintain muscle glycogen levels.
Glycogen preservation
Glycogen preservation
Maintaining glycogen levels in muscles to enhance meat quality.
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
A process that occurs when muscles lack oxygen, producing lactic acid.
Ante-mortem inspection
Ante-mortem inspection
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Disease detection
Disease detection
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Animal identification
Animal identification
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Lairage design
Lairage design
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Qualified veterinary personnel
Qualified veterinary personnel
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Fit for Slaughter
Fit for Slaughter
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Unfit for Slaughter
Unfit for Slaughter
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Suspect Animals
Suspect Animals
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Special Precautions Slaughter
Special Precautions Slaughter
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Delayed Slaughter
Delayed Slaughter
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Stage-I: General examination
Stage-I: General examination
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Segregated Slaughter
Segregated Slaughter
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Casualty Slaughter
Casualty Slaughter
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Healthy animals
Healthy animals
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Emergency Slaughter
Emergency Slaughter
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Unhealthy animals
Unhealthy animals
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Group of apparently healthy
Group of apparently healthy
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Stage-II: Detailed clinical examination
Stage-II: Detailed clinical examination
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Retained for treatment
Retained for treatment
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Pregnant animals
Pregnant animals
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Liver examination
Liver examination
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Fascioliasis detection
Fascioliasis detection
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Lung palpation
Lung palpation
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TB lesion inspection
TB lesion inspection
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Spleen evaluation
Spleen evaluation
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Uterus examination
Uterus examination
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Carcass injuries
Carcass injuries
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Postmortem judgement
Postmortem judgement
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Capture fisheries
Capture fisheries
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Culture fisheries
Culture fisheries
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Fishing techniques
Fishing techniques
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Fishing gears
Fishing gears
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Trapping fish
Trapping fish
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Attracting fish
Attracting fish
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Fish harvesting systems
Fish harvesting systems
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Diversity in capture fisheries
Diversity in capture fisheries
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Advantages of egg products
Advantages of egg products
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Pasteurization
Pasteurization
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Frozen egg products
Frozen egg products
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Egg separation before freezing
Egg separation before freezing
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Gummy yolk problem
Gummy yolk problem
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Freezing temperature for eggs
Freezing temperature for eggs
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Storage of frozen eggs
Storage of frozen eggs
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Egg whites freezing
Egg whites freezing
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Study Notes
Present Status of Meat, Poultry and Fish Industry in India
- Animal food is a good source of nutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrates, minerals).
- Animal protein digestibility is higher (90-97%) than plant protein (75-99%).
- Animal protein is nutritionally superior to plant protein.
- PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score) values for animal and plant proteins range from 0.9-1.0 and 0.42-0.70 respectively.
- PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio) and BV (Biological Value) also show animal protein is superior.
- India has the world's largest livestock population (485 million).
- India ranks second in goats, third in sheep, and seventh in poultry populations globally.
- India is the top milk producer, but meat production is only 5 million tons annually (2% globally).
- Broiler meat production is about 2.86 million tons annually.
- India's poultry market is currently estimated at 49,000 crore rupees.
- Processing capacity of over 1 million tonnes per annum is used only 40-50% in India for processed meat.
- Only 1% of meat is value-added (sausages, ham, bacon, kabobs, meatballs, etc.).
Status of Poultry Sector
- India is the third largest egg and ninth largest poultry meat producer globally.
- Egg production in 2010-11 reached 61.5 billion eggs (68% increase from 2000-01).
- India ranks third in egg production globally (according to FAOSTAT data from 2010).
- Poultry exports are primarily to Maldives and Oman.
- Andhra Pradesh is the highest egg producer in India.
Status of Fisheries Sector
- India is the second largest fish producer globally.
- Total fish production (2010-11) was 8.29 million tonnes (5.07 million tonnes from inland sector & 3.22 million tonnes from the marine sector).
- The output of the fisheries sector was 67,913 crore rupees (4.9% of agriculture & allied output) in 2009-10
- India's marine product exports exceeded 2 billion USD in 2010-11, reaching 12,901 crore.
- Fisheries sector registered a significant 10% growth rate in export volume (2010-11).
Pre-Slaughter Handling and Inspection of Animals
- Animal transportation to slaughterhouses must be humane, avoiding cruelty.
- Pre-slaughter rest is important for improving meat quality and reducing the risk of contamination.
- Transportation methods should be designed to avoid overcrowding and animal harm.
- Inspection of animals for illness before slaughter is mandatory for safety and quality control.
Slaughtering Techniques and Post-Mortem Inspections
- Stunning is a method of making animals unconscious before slaughter to eliminate pain, distress and stress
- Common methods include stunning by striking on the head or electrical stunning (electrical current).
- Slaughter procedures vary by religion (Halal, Kosher, Jhatka).
- Bleeding is removing blood from the carcass to ensure quality and limit microbial growth.
Rigor Mortis: Biochemical and Histological Changes
- Rigor mortis is the post-mortem stiffening of muscles in animals, due to ATP depletion and metabolic changes related to energy depletion in the muscles.
- The biochemical changes in muscle post death lead to the conversion of muscle to meat.
- Changes in temperature, pH and protein structure occur after death.
- Pre-rigor, rigor, and post-rigor stages are the different stages of the process of muscle transformation to meat.
- Post-mortem conditions profoundly afffect the quality, texture, and taste of meat.
Processing of Meat and Meat Products
- Chilling is a widely used preservation method for raw and processed meat, slowing microbial growth and enzymatic reactions.
- Freezing is used for long-term meat storage, preserving quality better; however, there is a risk of ice crystal formation, impacting meat texture and quality.
- Heat processing (canning, curing, smoking) is used to make products safe for long-term storage and increase palatability.
- Dehydration (drying) removes moisture to reduce microbial growth and extend shelf life.
- Smoking uses wood smoke for flavor and preservation, but there are potential risks of carcinogens due to the chemicals in the smoke.
Meat Hygiene and Sanitation in Meat and Poultry Industry
- Meat hygiene is important for consumer health.
- Strict hygiene practices at all stages of production, processing, and transportation are mandatory for maintaining meat quality and safety.
- Standard operating procedures (SOPs) to ensure safety and efficiency, and regular monitoring of hygiene implementation are required.
- Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) scheme are used to identify and control potential hazards during food processing (especially at the meat processing level).
Egg: Structure, Composition and Quality
- Eggs from hens and ducks are commonly eaten globally.
- Eggs consist of shell, albumen (white), and yolk.
- Egg protein is a complete protein, providing all essential amino acids.
- Egg fat is concentrated in egg yolk and contains several important fatty acids.
Processing of Egg
- Eggs are processed into various forms for commercial, food service, and home use, including refrigerated liquid products, frozen products, and dried (dehydrated) products.
- Specialty products, like freeze dried scrambled eggs or fried eggs, are also common.
Fish Harvesting, Handling and Transportation
- Fish is a significant protein source globally, with notable production in India.
- Fish is harvested using various methods, including capture (from seas, rivers) and culture (in ponds).
- Handling is crucial for fresh fish to preserve quality (minimizing microbial growth and spoilage).
- Transport is essential from fishing location to market and storage. (Transportation is usually done by using ice-lined trucks for fresh fish transport from one place to other.)
- Fish markets function as vital infrastructure for the fish production (from catching to consumer), in facilitating buying and selling processes ensuring efficiency and transparency as well as ensuring safety in the handling and transportation procedures.
Processing and Preservation of Fish; Value Added Fishery Products
- Fish is a significant source of protein and used in many various food items.
- Different preservation methods (chilling, freezing, salting, smoking, canning) are used to increase its shelf life and minimise spoilage.
- Many value-added products are created from fish, increasing profitability for producers and offering consumers variety. Fish sausages, fish fillets, fish cakes are examples of value added fish products.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the differences between capture fisheries and culture fisheries. This quiz covers key principles, characteristics, and techniques used in both types of fisheries. Understanding these concepts is crucial for sustainable fisheries management.