Osmoregulation
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Questions and Answers

Which type of fish migrate down rivers as adults to spawn in the sea and juveniles back to fresh water to grow?

  • Lampreys
  • Anadromous
  • Euryhaline
  • Catadromous (correct)

    • What is the salinity tolerance range of euryhaline fishes?

  • SW to FW (correct)
  • FW to SW
  • MW to FW
  • SW to MW

    • Which fish is an example of an anadromous species?

  • Atlantic stingrays
  • Salmon (correct)
  • Eels
  • Bull sharks

    • What is the main function of the rectal gland in elasmobranchs?

    <p>Salt secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fish is known for excreting copious, dilute urine and ion uptake through gill cells?

    <p>Freshwater fishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary pattern of ion transport regulation in euryhaline salmonids?

    <p>Reciprocal regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is involved in salt retention for osmoregulation in coral catfish?

    <p>Dendritic organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmoregulation strategy of lampreys and teleosts in saltwater?

    <p>Hypoionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fish type exhibits reciprocal regulation of ion transport?

    <p>Euryhaline fishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nasal/lingual salt glands in birds and reptiles?

    <p>Salt excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the salinity range for freshwater?

    <p>0.1 to 0.2 ppt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the salinity range for hypersaline water?

    <p>Greater than 40 ppt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ion concentration of [Mg2+] in saltwater?

    <p>54 mmol·L-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolality range of natural fresh salt waters?

    <p>0.5 – 10 mosM(per kg water)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of water has a salinity range of 0.5 to 30 ppt?

    <p>Brackish water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ion concentration of [Na+] in freshwater?

    <p>0.35 mmol·L-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ion concentration of [SO42-] in saltwater?

    <p>28 mmol·L-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ion concentration of [K+] in freshwater?

    <p>0.08 mmol·L-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ion concentration of [HCO3-] in saltwater?

    <p>10 mmol·L-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ion concentration of [Ca2+] in freshwater?

    <p>0.75 mmol·L-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osmoconformers in coping with different water compositions?

    <p>Their body fluid osmotic pressure changes with the medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge faced by freshwater animals?

    <p>Hyperosmoregulation challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of saltwater ionocytes in marine fishes?

    <p>Facilitate active absorption of ions and water across the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the kidney design of freshwater animals from that of marine fishes?

    <p>Freshwater animals have different kidney design to cope with hyperosmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key strategy used by elasmobranchs to cope with salt influx?

    <p>Retention of solutes like urea and TMAO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osmoregulators in coping with different water compositions?

    <p>Regulate internal osmotic concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of freshwater ionocytes in fish?

    <p>Facilitate low Na+, Cl-, K+ and variable Ca2+ in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of marine teleosts and lampreys in coping with different water compositions?

    <p>Hyposmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of kidneys in sea water fishes?

    <p>Limited role in excreting toxic divalents such as Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the kidney design of marine fishes from that of freshwater animals?

    <p>Marine fishes have different kidney design to cope with hyperosmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes euryhaline fishes from stenohaline fishes?

    <p>Euryhaline fishes have broad salinity tolerance, from saltwater to freshwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary migration pattern of catadromous fish?

    <p>Migrate down rivers as adults to spawn in the sea and juveniles back to fresh water to grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main osmoregulation strategy of lampreys and teleosts in saltwater?

    <p>Isosmotic regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rectal gland in elasmobranchs?

    <p>Excreting excess salt from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes freshwater fishes from saltwater fishes in terms of osmoregulation?

    <p>Freshwater fishes are hyperosmotic regulators, excreting copious, dilute urine, while saltwater fishes are isosmotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary pattern of ion transport regulation in euryhaline salmonids?

    <p>Reciprocal regulation of ion transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the nasal/lingual salt glands in birds and reptiles?

    <p>Facilitating salt retention for osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the kidney design of marine fishes from that of freshwater animals?

    <p>Marine fishes have a filtration kidney, while freshwater animals have very long loops of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge faced by freshwater animals according to the text?

    <p>High pressure filtration kidney needed for processing nitrogenous wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Dendritic organ in coral catfish?

    <p>Facilitating salt retention for osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolality range of natural fresh salt waters?

    <p>0.5 – 10 mosM(per kg water)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the salinity range for hypersaline water?

    <p>&gt;40 ppt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the nasal/lingual salt glands in birds and reptiles?

    <p>Salt retention for osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the rectal gland in elasmobranchs?

    <p>Regulation of osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ion concentration of [K+] in freshwater?

    <p>0.08 mM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge faced by freshwater animals?

    <p>Regulating salt influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary pattern of ion transport regulation in euryhaline salmonids?

    <p>Reciprocal regulation of ion transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary migration pattern of catadromous fish?

    <p>Migrate down rivers as adults to spawn in the sea and juveniles back to fresh water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes euryhaline fishes from stenohaline fishes?

    <p>Ability to maintain constant internal osmolarity despite external salinity changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osmoregulators in coping with different water compositions?

    <p>Regulation of osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes osmoconformers from osmoregulators in fish?

    <p>Osmoconformers have body fluid osmotic pressure that changes with the medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of freshwater ionocytes in fish?

    <p>Facilitate low Na+, Cl-, K+ and variable Ca2+ in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main osmoregulation strategy of marine teleosts and lampreys in saltwater?

    <p>Hyposmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes elasmobranchs in coping with salt influx?

    <p>They retain solutes like urea and TMAO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rectal gland in elasmobranchs?

    <p>Retain solutes like urea and TMAO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge faced by freshwater animals in terms of osmoregulation?

    <p>Hyperosmoregulation challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the kidney design of marine fishes from that of freshwater animals?

    <p>Marine fishes' kidneys play a limited role in excreting toxic divalents such as Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of saltwater ionocytes in marine fishes?

    <p>Facilitate active absorption of ions and water across the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main strategy used by euryhaline fishes to cope with different water compositions?

    <p>Reciprocal regulation of ion transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the nasal/lingual salt glands in birds and reptiles?

    <p>Excrete excess salts from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Strategies for Coping with Different Water Compositions in Fish

    • Osmoconformer: body fluid osmotic pressure changes with medium
    • Osmoregulator: regulate internal osmotic concentrations
    • Ionic Regulation: control body fluid solute composition & osmolarity in fish
    • Freshwater animals face hyperosmoregulation challenges
    • Freshwater ionocytes and vertebrate kidney design differ from those of marine fishes
    • Freshwater ionocytes facilitate low Na+, Cl-, K+ and variable Ca2+ in blood
    • Marine fishes use three major strategies for coping with salt influx
    • Elasmobranchs retain solutes like urea and TMAO
    • Elasmobranchs have specialized mechanisms for urea retention in gills and kidneys
    • Marine teleosts and lampreys are hyposmoregulators
    • Saltwater ionocytes facilitate active absorption of ions and water across the gut
    • Kidneys in sea water fishes play a limited role in excreting toxic divalents such as Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-

    Strategies for Coping with Different Water Compositions in Fish

    • Osmoconformer: body fluid osmotic pressure changes with medium
    • Osmoregulator: regulate internal osmotic concentrations
    • Ionic Regulation: control body fluid solute composition & osmolarity in fish
    • Freshwater animals face hyperosmoregulation challenges
    • Freshwater ionocytes and vertebrate kidney design differ from those of marine fishes
    • Freshwater ionocytes facilitate low Na+, Cl-, K+ and variable Ca2+ in blood
    • Marine fishes use three major strategies for coping with salt influx
    • Elasmobranchs retain solutes like urea and TMAO
    • Elasmobranchs have specialized mechanisms for urea retention in gills and kidneys
    • Marine teleosts and lampreys are hyposmoregulators
    • Saltwater ionocytes facilitate active absorption of ions and water across the gut
    • Kidneys in sea water fishes play a limited role in excreting toxic divalents such as Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-

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    Test your knowledge of fish physiology and adaptations to different water compositions with this quiz. Explore the concepts of osmoregulation, ionic regulation, and the specialized strategies used by freshwater and marine fish to cope with varying osmotic pressures.

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