First Reports of ToBRFV Worldwide
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Questions and Answers

In which country was Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) first discovered in greenhouse tomato plants?

Israel

What are the primary hosts for Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)?

Tomato and pepper

How many continents has ToBRFV been reported in?

Four

What are the main transmission routes for ToBRFV?

<p>Contaminated seeds and mechanical contact (such as through standard horticultural practices)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the genetic resistances that ToBRFV can break down in tomato and pepper plants?

<p>R genes Tm-1, Tm-2, and Tm-22 in tomato, and L1 and L2 alleles in pepper</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measures have achieved limited success in managing ToBRFV, according to the text?

<p>Integrated pest management-based measures such as rotation, eradication of infected plants, disinfection of seeds, and chemical treatment of contaminated greenhouses</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which countries has ToBRFV been identified since 2014?

<p>ToBRFV has been identified in multiple countries across Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa since 2014.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for ToBRFV in protected facilities?

<p>In protected facilities, ToBRFV is primarily transmitted through mechanical contact, including propagation materials, plant debris, contaminated soil, growing media, circulating water, and farming activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contamination rate of tomato seeds extracted from ToBRFV-infected fruits?

<p>Tomato seeds extracted from ToBRFV-infected fruits are 100% contaminated but the virus is only detected externally on the seed coat, and seed transmission rate is low (&lt;3%).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species can transmit ToBRFV to healthy tomato plants via buzz pollination?

<p>The bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) can transmit ToBRFV to healthy tomato plants via buzz pollination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ToBRFV infect pepper plants carrying L3 and L4 genes?

<p>In pepper plants carrying L3 and L4, inoculation with ToBRFV triggers a hypersensitive response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant species is an ideal model plant to study plant–microbe interactions?

<p>N. benthamiana is an ideal model plant to study plant–microbe interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical symptoms of ToBRFV infection on tomato plants?

<p>The typical symptoms of ToBRFV infection on tomato plants include mosaic, chlorotic, mottling, and deformed leaves, as well as necrotic spotted or brown rugose fruits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ToBRFV infection affect fruit yield in tomato plants?

<p>Infection by ToBRV can reduce fruit yield by 15%–55% regardless of whether or not tested tomato cultivars carry the resistance gene Tm-22.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which host plants have been reported to be used for studying ToBRFV?

<p>Nicotiana benthamiana has already been used to study ToBRFV in several recent publications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms observed on local and systemic leaves of Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annuum?

<p>Symptoms observed on local and systemic leaves of Solanum lycopersicum include NS (no symptoms) and various reactions, while Capsicum annuum shows LY, N, NL, NRS on local leaves and various reactions on systemic leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms resulting from ToBRFV infection similar to?

<p>Symptoms resulting from ToBRFV infection are very similar to those from other tobamoviruses such as ToMV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the foliar symptoms documented in reports from Germany and the Netherlands?

<p>Foliar symptoms such as leaf narrowing, chlorotic mottling, and dark green bulges were documented in reports from Germany and the Netherlands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of ToBRFV infection on tomato leaves and fruits?

<p>Severe mosaic, chlorotic mottling, necrotic, deformed, dark green bulges, narrowing, brown rugosity, yellowing, yellow patches, marbling, and deformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ToBRFV infection affect Nicotiana benthamiana?

<p>ToBRFV infection causes yellowing, curling leaves, and stunting phenotype in Nicotiana benthamiana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of ToBRFV infection on pepper plants?

<p>Mosaic, mottling, yellowing, necrotic lesions on leaves, dwarfing, stunting, necrotic or brown stems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some consequences of mixed infections involving ToBRFV?

<p>Mixed infections can result in more severe symptoms on tomato fruits, and only synergistic interactions have been observed so far.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the genome organization of ToBRFV.

<p>The ToBRFV genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA of approximately 6.4 kb, consisting of four open reading frames (ORF1 through ORF4). ORF1 and ORF2 are translated directly using the genomic RNA, ORF3 and ORF4 are expressed from subgenomic RNAs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the proteins encoded by the different open reading frames (ORFs) in the ToBRFV genome?

<p>The 126- and 183-kDa proteins encoded by ORF1 and ORF2 are replicase proteins and participate in virus genome replication. The 126-kDa protein can also act as an RNA silencing suppressor. The ORF3-encoded 30-kDa is a movement protein (MP) that is essential for viral cell-to-cell movement. The coat protein (CP) encoded by ORF4 is involved in viral particle assembly and long-distance movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the symptoms of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) in pepper plants?

<p>Some symptoms of ToBRFV in pepper plants include puckering and yellow mottling on leaves, stunted growth of young seedlings, and small yellow to brown rugose dots and necrotic blotches on fruits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) first identified, and in which countries has its distribution rapidly expanded?

<p>ToBRFV was first identified in 2016 from tomato plants grown in Jordan and Israel. Its distribution has rapidly expanded to 35 countries across four continents, including Asia, Europe, North America, and Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the economic impact of ToBRFV on tomato and pepper production?

<p>The economic impact of ToBRFV on tomato and pepper production is substantial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential consequences of ToBRFV infection on tomato plants?

<p>ToBRFV infection on tomato plants can significantly reduce yield, deteriorate fruit quality and marketability, and may not be apparent until late in the growing season.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the devastating viral pathogens included in the Tobamovirus genus?

<p>The Tobamovirus genus includes several devastating viral pathogens, such as Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tomato mild mottle virus (ToMMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the characteristics of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), including its genome type and physical properties?

<p>ToBRFV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 6.4kb, encapsidated into rod-shaped virions of about 300nm long and 18nm in diameter. The virus is highly stable and can survive in plant debris or on seed surfaces for long periods of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary host for Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)?

<p>Tomato</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which country was Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) first discovered in greenhouse tomato plants?

<p>Jordan</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many countries has ToBRFV been reported in to date?

<p>35</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic resistances can ToBRFV break down in tomato and pepper plants?

<p>$Tm-1, Tm-2, Tm-22$ in tomato and $L1, L2$ in pepper</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for ToBRFV in protected facilities?

<p>Contaminated seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is suggested as a fast and effective method to protect greenhouse tomato against ToBRFV?

<p>Generation and application of attenuated variants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant species in the family Solanaceae is not susceptible to ToBRFV infection?

<p>Arabidopsis thaliana</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pepper cultivar carrying resistance genes is susceptible to ToBRFV infection?

<p>$L_3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region has not reported the presence of ToBRFV in any country?

<p>South America</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for ToBRFV in protected facilities?

<p>Mechanical contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant family does ToBRFV infect that is not listed as a natural host for the virus?

<p>$ ext{Cucurbitaceae}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tomato cultivars are susceptible to ToBRFV infection?

<p>Those carrying $Tm-1$, $Tm-2$, or $Tm-22$ resistance genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the ToBRFV genome?

<p>Approximately 6.4 kb</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein encoded by ToBRFV acts as an RNA silencing suppressor?

<p>183-kDa protein (ORF2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 30-kDa protein encoded by ToBRFV ORF3?

<p>Movement protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many open reading frames (ORFs) are included in the ToBRFV genome?

<p>$ORF1-ORF4$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the family to which Tobamovirus genus belongs?

<p>Virgaviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many distinct clusters do all ToBRFV isolates group into according to a phylogenetic tree?

<p>$3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of yield loss can result from Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV) infection in tomato plants, regardless of the presence of the resistance gene Tm-22?

<p>15-55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant species has been identified as highly resistant to ToBRFV infection?

<p>Solanum ochranthum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where has ToBRFV infection been detected using reverse transcription-PCR or ELISA?

<p>Upper systemic leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms may be observed on infected tomato plants?

<p>Leaf narrowing, chlorotic mottling, and dark green bulges</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plants have been reported with ToBRFV infection?

<p>Tomato, Capsicum annuum, Chenopodium species</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms observed on infected plants?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) infection in pepper plants?

<p>Puckering and yellow mottling on leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate size of the rod-shaped virions of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)?

<p>$300nm$ long and $18nm$ in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary tomato cultivars susceptible to Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) infection?

<p>Tm-1, Tm-2, or Tm-22</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) first isolated in Jordan?

<p>2015</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate genome size of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)?

<p>$6.4kb$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where was ToBRFV first identified in greenhouse tomato plants?

<p>Israel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) are major vegetable crops worldwide, but their production is threatened by various pests and pathogens, including viruses.

  • The Tobamovirus genus is particularly important as it includes several devastating viral pathogens, such as Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tomato mild mottle virus (ToMMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV).

  • Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a newly emerged virus in the Tobamovirus genus, first identified in 2016 from tomato plants grown in Jordan and Israel, causing devastating disease outbreaks and severe yield reduction. The virus can infect tomato cultivars carrying Tm-1, Tm-2, or Tm-22 and pepper cultivars.

  • ToBRFV was first traced back to October 2014 in Israel, and its distribution has rapidly expanded to 35 countries across four continents, including Asia, Europe, North America, and Africa.

  • ToBRFV symptoms include mild to severe mosaic symptoms on tomato leaves, necrotic peduncles and calyces, and yellow blotches, brown or black spots, and rugose wrinkles on tomato fruits. In pepper plants, the infection causes puckering and yellow mottling on leaves, stunted growth of young seedlings, and small yellow to brown rugose dots and necrotic blotches on fruits.

  • ToBRFV is considered the most serious threat to tomato production worldwide due to its high transmissibility through seeds and the global nature of the seed production and distribution chain. The virus has been detected in countries such as Australia, Peru, India, Ethiopia, and Japan through contaminated seeds exported to European and North American countries.

  • The virus was first isolated in Jordan in April 2015 and in Israel in October–November of 2014. Both isolates shared high sequence identity, and the Israeli isolate was found to infect a range of tomato and pepper cultivars.

  • ToBRFV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 6.4kb, encapsidated into rod-shaped virions of about 300nm long and 18nm in diameter. The virus is highly stable and can survive in plant debris or on seed surfaces for long periods of time.

  • Symptoms on tomato plants may not be apparent until late in the growing season, but the virus significantly reduces yield and deteriorates fruit quality and marketability.

  • The economic impact of ToBRFV on tomato and pepper production is substantial, and efforts are being made to develop novel genetic resistance and resistant cultivars as the most effective and environmentally-friendly strategy for pathogen control.

  • ToBRFV, a tobacco ringspot virus, has been identified in multiple countries across Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa since 2014

  • First reports published in peer-reviewed journals for Europe: Germany (2018), Italy (2018), Turkey, UK, Greece, Netherlands, Spain, France, Norway, Albania, and Switzerland (2019-2022)

  • North America: USA (2018), Mexico (2018), and Canada (2019)

  • Asia: Israel, Jordan (2014-2015), Palestine (2018), China (2019), Syria (2020), Lebanon (2020), Iran (2021), and Saudi Arabia (2021)

  • Africa: Egypt (2019)

  • In protected facilities, ToBRFV is primarily transmitted through mechanical contact, including propagation materials, plant debris, contaminated soil, growing media, circulating water, and farming activities

  • Tomato seeds extracted from ToBRFV-infected fruits are 100% contaminated but the virus is only detected externally on the seed coat, and seed transmission rate is low (<3%)

  • Seed imports and exports facilitate the long-distance dissemination of ToBRFV, with several European countries intercepting infected seed packages

  • The bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) can transmit ToBRFV to healthy tomato plants via buzz pollination, and bumblebees could be used for monitoring greenhouses for the presence of the virus

  • ToBRFV can infect over 40 species belonging to four families: Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, and Solanaceae. Tomato and pepper are the only natural hosts. ToBRFV shares a similar host range with ToMV and ToMMV but can infect tomato cultivars with R genes Tm-1, Tm-2, or Tm-22, and pepper cultivars carrying L1 or L2. In pepper plants carrying L3 and L4, inoculation with ToBRFV triggers a hypersensitive response.

  • ToBRFV infects N. benthamiana, N. glutinosa, and N. tabacum in the family Solanaceae and C. quinoa in the family Amaranthaceae but does not infect Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, Cucurbitaceae, and Verbenaceae species. N. benthamiana is an ideal model plant to study plant–microbe interactions.

  • Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) are major vegetable crops worldwide, but their production is threatened by various pests and pathogens, including viruses.

  • The Tobamovirus genus is particularly important as it includes several devastating viral pathogens, such as Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tomato mild mottle virus (ToMMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV).

  • Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a newly emerged virus in the Tobamovirus genus, first identified in 2016 from tomato plants grown in Jordan and Israel, causing devastating disease outbreaks and severe yield reduction. The virus can infect tomato cultivars carrying Tm-1, Tm-2, or Tm-22 and pepper cultivars.

  • ToBRFV was first traced back to October 2014 in Israel, and its distribution has rapidly expanded to 35 countries across four continents, including Asia, Europe, North America, and Africa.

  • ToBRFV symptoms include mild to severe mosaic symptoms on tomato leaves, necrotic peduncles and calyces, and yellow blotches, brown or black spots, and rugose wrinkles on tomato fruits. In pepper plants, the infection causes puckering and yellow mottling on leaves, stunted growth of young seedlings, and small yellow to brown rugose dots and necrotic blotches on fruits.

  • ToBRFV is considered the most serious threat to tomato production worldwide due to its high transmissibility through seeds and the global nature of the seed production and distribution chain. The virus has been detected in countries such as Australia, Peru, India, Ethiopia, and Japan through contaminated seeds exported to European and North American countries.

  • The virus was first isolated in Jordan in April 2015 and in Israel in October–November of 2014. Both isolates shared high sequence identity, and the Israeli isolate was found to infect a range of tomato and pepper cultivars.

  • ToBRFV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 6.4kb, encapsidated into rod-shaped virions of about 300nm long and 18nm in diameter. The virus is highly stable and can survive in plant debris or on seed surfaces for long periods of time.

  • Symptoms on tomato plants may not be apparent until late in the growing season, but the virus significantly reduces yield and deteriorates fruit quality and marketability.

  • The economic impact of ToBRFV on tomato and pepper production is substantial, and efforts are being made to develop novel genetic resistance and resistant cultivars as the most effective and environmentally-friendly strategy for pathogen control.

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Test your knowledge of the first reports of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV) across different European countries. Identify the continent, country, and year of identification based on the provided references.

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