Questions and Answers
Viruses cause localized damage to plants, and their effects are limited to the primary site of inoculation.
False
The duration of the incubation period for viral diseases is consistent across all plant species.
False
Viral, viroid, and mycoplasma diseases do not have a significant impact on plant stress, death, and crop yields.
False
Environmental factors do not play a role in influencing the diagnostic indications of viral diseases in plants.
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The physiology and biochemistry of host cells and tissues remain unchanged in response to viral infections.
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True or false: Viral infection does not significantly change the metabolism of plants?
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True or false: Chloroplasts are not affected by viral infection?
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True or false: Almost all viral diseases are characterized by a decreased total carbohydrate content in plants?
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True or false: Viral infection does not cause disruption of nitrogen metabolism in plants?
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True or false: Viral infection does not lead to changes in the respiration activity of plants?
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CRISPR/Cas9 constructs were used to target both coding and non-coding regions in viral genomes, resulting in high resistance to the target virus in transgenic plants.
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FnCas9 from Francisella novicida contains HEPN domains, similar to Cas13.
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The apical meristem method has been effective in renewing valuable potato varieties and increasing potato yields by more than 42%.
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The CRISPR/Cas13a system has been shown to effectively provide resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) strains in transgenic potato plants.
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The MAD7 system has been proven to have an efficiency of 65.6% in mutant rice and wheat plants.
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Breeding programs use the CRISPR-Cas9 method to evaluate genetic defenses of a variety and create transgenic varieties with high resistance to viral diseases
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More than 200 R genes have been cloned in plants for resistance to viruses, bacteria, and fungi
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NLR proteins function as extracellular immune receptors and can trigger both extreme resistance and hypersensitivity response
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Genetic silencing using RNA interference involves the upregulation of target gene expression
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Signaling systems do not regulate the coordinated accumulation of PR proteins in plants
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Transgenic plants with increased RNase expression are less resistant to pathogens
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Genome editing using Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and effector nucleases (TALENs) is less labor-intensive compared to CRISPR/Cas systems
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CRISPR/Cas type VI systems, such as Cas13, require a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) site for targeted cleavage of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules
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RNA manipulation is advantageous over DNA editing because it allows for spatial regulation of RNA products
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Cas13 requires tracrRNA for target RNA cleavage in plants
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Study Notes
- Transgenic plants with increased RNase expression are more resistant to pathogens, but genetically engineered approaches have disadvantages, such as specific and short-lived resistance, and gene silencing.
- The cultivation of genetically modified plants resistant to certain viruses can have negative consequences, such as the redistribution of virus species and the spread of other harmful viral infections.
- Genome editing is a promising approach for developing virus-resistant plants due to its efficiency and precision.
- Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and effector nucleases (TALENs) were the first tools for genome editing and have been used for several plant species, but they are labor-intensive.
- CRISPR/Cas systems have surpassed the efficiency of ZFNs and TALENs in plant genome editing. CRISPR/Cas is a powerful tool for targeted genome modification, and scientists consider the CRISPR/Cas-mediated immunity mechanism crucial for fighting viral pathogens.
- CRISPR/Cas systems include class 1 and class 2 systems, and class 2 systems, such as CRISPR/Cas9, are most widely used for genome editing in plants due to their simpler organization and high efficiency.
- CRISPR/Cas9 has produced significant advances in plant research, but the practical application of the CRISPR/Cas technology faces challenges, such as the delivery of Cas9 RNA editing complex components into plants, which can result in transgenic plants that are prohibited by legislation in many countries.
- CRISPR/Cas type VI systems, such as Cas13, can overcome some limitations of CRISPR/Cas systems, such as the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) site requirement and non-targeted mutations, by using Cas13 to provide sequence-specific cleavage of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules.
- RNA manipulation is advantageous over DNA editing because it prevents unwanted pleiotropic effects and permits precise and spatial regulation of RNA products.
- Cas13 cleaves only target RNA molecules and does not require tracrRNA, making it a promising tool for RNA-targeted gene editing in plants.
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